A synthesis of deimatic behaviour

Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear. In this review we aim to synthesise what is known about deimatic behaviour and identify knowledge gaps. We propose a working hypothesis for deimatic behaviour, and discuss the available evidence for the evolution, ontogeny, causation, and survival value of deimatic behaviour using Tinbergen's Four Questions as a framework. Our overarching aim is to direct future research by suggesting ways to address the most pressing questions in this field.

Automated summary

This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of deimatic behaviors, also known as startle behaviors, and identify gaps in understanding. The authors propose a working hypothesis and discuss the available evidence for the evolution, ontogeny, causation, and survival value of deimatic behaviors using Tinbergen's Four Questions framework. The overall goal is to guide future research by suggesting ways to address the most pressing questions in this field.