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Regulation of Enterotoxins Associated with Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato Toxicoinfection

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AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/aem.00405-22

关键词

Bacillus cereus sensu lato; Bacillus cereus group; enterotoxins; hemolysin BL; nonhemolytic enterotoxin; cytotoxin K; gene regulation; gene expression; toxin production

资金

  1. United States Department of Agricultura (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Hatch Appropriations [PEN04646, 1015787]
  2. USDA NIFA project [2019-67017-29591]

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Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) is a bacterium that includes foodborne pathogens and beneficial microorganisms. Some of the beneficial and commercially used strains have been found to carry enterotoxin gene, which can cause toxicoinfection in humans. Better surveillance and characterization of virulence capacity are needed for B. cereus s.l. strains.
Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) includes foodborne pathogens, as well as beneficial microorganisms, such as bioinsecticides. Some of the beneficial and commercially used B. cereus s.l. strains have been shown to carry enterotoxin genes, the products of which can cause toxicoinfection in humans. Furthermore, recent epidemiological reports indicated that some bioinsecticidal strains have been linked with foodborne illness outbreaks. This demonstrates the need for improved surveillance of B. cereus s.l., which includes characterization of isolates' virulence capacity. However, the prediction of virulence capacity of B. cereus s.l. strains is challenging. Genetic screening for enterotoxin gene presence has proven to be insufficient for accurate discrimination between virulent and avirulent strains, given that nearly all B. cereus s.l. strains carry at least one enterotoxin gene. Furthermore, complex regulatory networks governing the expression of enterotoxins, and potential synergistic interactions between enterotoxins and other virulence factors make the prediction of toxicoinfection based on isolates' genome sequences challenging. In this review, we summarize and synthesize the current understanding of the regulation of enterotoxins associated with the B. cereus s.l. toxicoinfection and identify gaps in the knowledge that need to be addressed to facilitate identification of genetic markers predictive of cytotoxicity and toxicoinfection. Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) includes foodborne pathogens, as well as beneficial microorganisms, such as bioinsecticides. Some of the beneficial and commercially used B. cereus s.l. strains have been shown to carry enterotoxin genes, the products of which can cause toxicoinfection in humans.

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