Disposable Paper-Based Biosensors: Optimizing the Electrochemical Properties of Laser-Induced Graphene

ABSTRACT: Laser-induced graphene (LIG) on paper substrates is a desirable material for single-use point-of-care sensing with its high-quality electrical properties, low fabrication cost, and ease of disposal. While a prior study has shown how the repeated lasing of substrates enables the synthesis of high-quality porous graphitic films, however, the process-property correlation of lasing process on the surface microstructure and electrochemical behavior, including charge-transfer kinetics, is missing. The current study presents a systematic in-depth study on LIG synthesis to elucidate the complex relationship between the surface microstructure and the resulting electroanalytical properties. The observed improvements were then applied to develop high-quality LIG-based electrochemical biosensors for uric acid detection. We show that the optimal paper LIG produced via a dual pass (defocused followed by focused lasing) produces high-quality graphene in terms of crystallinity, sp2 content, and electrochemical surface area. The highest quality LIG electrodes achieved a high rate constant k0 of 1.5 x 10-2 cm s-1 and a significant reduction in chargetransfer resistance (818 omega compared with 1320 omega for a commercial glassy carbon electrode). By employing square wave anodic stripping voltammetry and chronoamperometry on a disposable two-electrode paper LIG-based device, the improved charge-transfer kinetics led to enhanced performance for sensing of uric acid with a sensitivity of 24.35 +/- 1.55 mu A mu M-1 and a limit of detection of 41 nM. This study shows how high-quality, sensitive LIG electrodes can be integrated into electrochemical paper analytical devices.

Automated summary

This study presents a systematic investigation on the synthesis of laser-induced graphene (LIG) and its relationship with electroanalytical properties. By optimizing the fabrication process, high-quality LIG electrodes were successfully integrated into electrochemical biosensors for uric acid detection, showing enhanced performance and sensitivity.