Tailorable 3DP Flexible Scaffolds with Porosification of Filaments Facilitate Cell Ingrowth and Biomineralized Deposition

Facilitating cell ingrowth and biomineralized deposition inside filaments of 3DP scaffolds are an ideal bone repair strategy. Here, 3D printed PLGA/HA scaffolds with hydroxyapatite content of 50% (PSHS) and 70% (P3H7) were prepared by optimizing 3D printing inks, which exhibited good tailorability and foldability to meet clinical maneuverability. The supercritical CO2 foaming technology further endowed the filaments of PSHS with a richer interconnected pore structure (PSHS-C). The finite element and computational fluid dynamics simulation analysis indicated that the porosification could effectively reduce the stress concentration at the filament junction and improved the overall permeability of the scaffold. The results of in vitro experiments confirmed that PSHS-C promoted the adsorption of proteins on the surface and inside of filaments, accelerated the release of Ca and P ions, and significantly upregulated osteogenesis (Col I, ALP, and OPN)- and angiogenesis (VEGF)-related gene expression. Subcutaneous ectopic osteogenesis experiments in nude mice further verified that PSHS-C facilitated cell growth inside filaments and biomineralized deposition, as well as significantly upregulated the expression of osteogenesis- and angiogenesis-related genes (Col I, ALP, OCN, and VEGF) and protein secretion (ALP, RUNX2, and VEGF). The porosification of filaments by supercritical CO2 foaming provided a new strategy for accelerating osteogenesis of 3DP implants.

Automated summary

The study demonstrates that the porosification of filaments using supercritical CO2 foaming technology can facilitate cell ingrowth, biomineralized deposition, and upregulate the expression of genes related to osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This approach also improves the overall permeability of the scaffold.