Long-term exposure assessment to phthalates: How do nail analyses compare to commonly used measurements in urine

Phthalate esters (PEs) are easily metabolized and commonly excreted via urine within 24 h, therefore their bioaccumulation potential is thought to be rather low. In the present study, we developed a sample preparation combined with a new microextraction method to measure seven PE metabolites in nails. The use of whole nails did not result in significantly different levels compared to powdered nails, which makes the method very fast and user friendly. The method was validated using whole nails showing good accuracy, satisfactory precision and low limits of quantification (2-14 ng/g). Although method development was the primary aim of the study, the method was also applied to real samples. PEs were measured in nails of 9 individuals collected at 2 distinct time points (15 days apart) and compared to levels in the respective urine samples (daily morning sample for 15 days). Additionally two volunteers have collected two more urine spots (afternoon and evening) per day. Major metabolites in nails were mono (ethyl hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and sum of mono-n-butyl and mono-isobutyl phthalate (Sigma(MnBP, MiBP)) while MEP and Sigma(MnBP, MiBP), were the major ones identified in urine. In urine, first void morning urine reflected higher total excretion (sum of PEs of 7.0 mu g/g creatinine) for all individuals than the afternoon/evening voids. Participants also filled a questionnaire regarding their life-style. The use of hand care products and consumption of pre-packed food was associated with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) oxidative metabolites, while the use of medical devices with butylbenzyl phthalate' (BBzP) exposure. Although the metabolism (rate) and other factors that influence the transfer of the analytes from blood or other body compartments into nails needs further investigation, nails can be used to assess exposure to PEs. From our knowledge, urine reflects the excretion of PEs on 'daily basis' while nails show less fluctuation and more stable levels. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.