Did students learn less during the COVID-19 pandemic? Reading and mathematics competencies before and after the first pandemic wave

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted classes in spring 2020. Temporary school closures supposedly led to a considerable learning loss, particularly for low-achieving students. Teachers faced challenges of remote learning environments. Students spent less time learning. The present study investigates the competencies of fifth graders in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, using large-scale assessments in reading and mathematics from annual mandatory tests in September (each n > 80,000). Competence scores were slightly lower in 2020 (after 2 months of school closures) compared with the three previous years (-0.07 SD for reading comprehension, -0.09 for operations, and -0.03 for numbers). Regarding mathematics, low-achieving students seem to have a learning backlog that deserves attention in future education. School characteristics such as the average sociocultural capital and the proportion of students with a migration background played a minor role in mediating the schools' learning loss. Still, lower sociocultural capital was positively associated with larger learning loss in mathematics.

Automated summary

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted classes in spring 2020 and led to a significant learning loss for students, particularly those with lower achievement. Remote learning environments presented challenges for teachers, and students had less time for learning. A study on fifth graders in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany revealed slightly lower competence scores in 2020 compared to previous years, especially in reading and mathematics. Low-achieving students in mathematics seem to have a learning backlog that requires attention in future education.