Ultrasound-assisted catalytic activation of peroxydisulfate on Ti3GeC2 MAX phase for efficient removal of hazardous pollutants

Herein, Ti3GeC2 MAX phase was synthesized using the reactive sintering method and characterized via various techniques. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the successful synthesis of the MAX phase in the hexagonal crystal structure with high purity. Based on the field-emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis, layered morphology with the compacted structure was observed. The catalytic activity of the MAX phase was evaluated for activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS) under ultrasound (US) irradiation. Ti3GeC2 MAX phase (0.2 g/L) with a bandgap of 1.72 eV demonstrated high capability to activate 0.15 mmol/L of PDS under US irradiation, resulting in 94.7% removal efficiency within 80 min of reaction time. The removal of diverse types of pollutants such as dimethyl phthalate, hydroxychloroquine, and mefenamic acid confirmed the high performance of the Ti3GeC2/PDS/US ternary system. The quenching tests indicated that both radical and non-radical pathways are involved in the degradation process, and O-2(center dot-), (OH)-O-center dot, SO4-center dot, and O-1(2) were recognized as critical species. In addition, a probable degradation mechanism was proposed. The results provide a promising perspective for the application of MAX phase-based materials in the ternary catalyst/oxidant/US systems for the efficient treatment of organic contaminants. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first effort to make use of the Ti3GeC2 MAX phase as a desirable catalyst for the removal of organic pollutants applying the catalyst/PDS/US ternary system. (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

In this study, Ti3GeC2 MAX phase was successfully synthesized and characterized. The MAX phase showed high catalytic activity for the activation of peroxydisulfate under ultrasound irradiation, resulting in efficient removal of organic pollutants. Both radical and non-radical pathways were involved in the degradation process, and critical species were identified. The results highlight the potential application of MAX phase-based materials in ternary catalyst/oxidant/US systems for organic contaminant treatment.