Environmental Status and Geomorphological Characterisation of Seven Black Coral Forests on the Sardinian Continental Shelf (NW Mediterranean Sea)

Simple Summary Black coral forests are three-dimensional components of the marine mesophotic benthic community that play a crucial role in the benthic-pelagic processes, enhancing substrate complexity and creating numerous ecological niches and biodiversity hotspots. The increase of natural and human pressures on these forests is decimating their sophisticated architecture, leading to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss. This study assessed the environmental status of seven black coral forests dwelling in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea using the Mesophotic Assemblages Conservation Status Index. Our results showed how site-specific ecological conditions associated with different geomorphological settings can determine the variability of the environmental status among these habitats. Overall, most of the black coral forests investigated showed a high and good status; however, in two sites, a degraded benthic community and a marked anthropogenic impact determined a moderate and poor environmental status, highlighting the fragility of these communities to anthropogenic stressors, even in an area of low urbanisation, such as a Sardinian island. The scenario obtained by this study, combined with a more complete understanding of the processes that drive benthic communities' dynamics, would facilitate the evaluation of potential measures for the appropriate management of human activities and the general conservation of mesophotic coral forests. Marine animal forests are key mesophotic ecosystems that are under threat from increasing natural and human pressures. Despite the fact that various international agreements strive to preserve these fragile ecosystems, the environmental status of the majority of these animal-structured environments is unknown. Assessing their environmental status is the first step needed to monitor these essential habitats' health over time and include them within conservation and protection frameworks, such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Based on Multibeam data and ROV footage, we characterized the geomorphological setting and evaluated the environmental status of seven black coral forests in the centre of the Western Mediterranean Sea, using the Mesophotic Assemblages Conservation Status (MACS) Index. The presence of two antipatharians, Antipathella subpinnata and Leiopathes glaberrima, characterized the seven investigated sites, dwelling on rocky substrate characterized by different environmental drivers (i.e., depth, slope of the substrate, terrain ruggedness, topographic positioning index, and aspect). From the combined evaluation of the associated benthic community status and the anthropogenic impacts affecting it, a high and good environmental status was assessed for five out of the seven studied black forests, with only two forests classified as having a moderate and poor status, respectively. Overall, our study showed a site-specific variability of mesophotic black coral forest status, explained by different biological community structures and environmental conditions mainly associated with morphological and anthropogenic factors.

Automated summary

This study assessed the environmental status of seven black coral forests in the Mediterranean Sea. The results showed that different geomorphological settings and human activities have an impact on the environmental status of these forests. Most of the forests showed a high and good environmental status, while two forests had a moderate and poor status.