4.6 Review

Triclosan: A Small Molecule with Controversial Roles

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Article Environmental Sciences

Comprehensive insight into triclosan-from widespread occurrence to health outcomes

Maja Milanovic et al.

Summary: Humans are exposed to various environmental pollutants, especially endocrine disrupting chemicals like triclosan, which can interfere with hormonal functions. Triclosan, commonly found in commercial products, accumulates in water sources through excessive use and disposal. The detectable levels of triclosan in the environment and organisms have raised concerns about its potential toxicity, including thyroid disruption, neurodevelopmental impairment, metabolic disorders, cardiotoxicity, and increased cancer risk. Further efforts are needed to monitor triclosan toxicity at environmental levels, and precautionary measures and compliance with environmental protection regulations are necessary for its ecological status.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2023)

Article Environmental Sciences

Adverse effects of triclosan on kidney in mice: Implication of lipid metabolism disorders

Wei Huang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of TCS exposure on kidney function in mice. The results showed that TCS caused renal injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Metabolite analysis revealed lipid accumulation and defective fatty acid metabolism in TCS-exposed mouse kidney, which may contribute to renal function impairment.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (2023)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Repurposing topical triclosan for cutaneous leishmaniasis: Preclinical efficacy in a murineLeishmania (L.) amazonensismodel

Juliana Tonini Mesquita et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of triclosan against Leishmania amazonensis and found its ability to form pores in the parasite, affecting mitochondrial and reactive oxygen species levels. Additionally, treating Leishmania-infected mice with topical triclosan resulted in a significant reduction in parasite burden. These findings contribute to the search for new treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis and suggest further investigation of the coadministration of triclosan and miltefosine in animal models.

DRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Significant Role of Nutraceutical Compounds in Ulcerative Colitis Treatment

Azzurra Chiara De Maio et al.

Summary: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that primarily affects the colon and rectum. Its pathogenesis involves multiple factors, and common symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and fever. Current therapies have limited efficacy, leading researchers to explore the potential of nutraceuticals in treating ulcerative colitis.

CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Diarylurea: A Privileged Scaffold in Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Development

Alessia Catalano

CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Investigation of two new low-cost adsorbents functionalized with magnetic nanoparticles for the efficient removal of triclosan and a synthetic mixture

Taynara Basso Vidovix et al.

Summary: This study developed new materials using soybean hulls and acai seeds functionalization for the removal of triclosan in wastewater. The materials demonstrated high adsorptive capacity and efficiency, with favorable thermodynamic properties.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2022)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Effects of chronic triclosan exposure on social behaviors in adult mice

Ying Hao et al.

Summary: The study revealed that chronic exposure to TCS can reduce social dominance in mice, decrease social interaction, impair memory formation, alter the relative abundance of gut microbiota, and induce ultrastructural damage to hippocampal neurons and synapses. These findings suggest that TCS exposure may impact social behaviors through changes in gut microbiota and impaired plasticity of hippocampal neurons and synapses.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2022)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Gut microbiota exaggerates triclosan-induced liver injury via gut-liver axis

Peng Zhang et al.

Summary: The study revealed that TCS can cause liver injury by disturbing lipid metabolism and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. TCS also increases intestinal permeability, contributing to liver damage. The research provides new insights into the health impact of TCS on the human body.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2022)

Article Surgery

Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity Between Bacitracin-Soaked Sutures and Triclosan Coated Suture

Jeremy M. Adkins et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that soaking sutures in bacitracin irrigation solution can effectively inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with significantly larger zones of inhibition compared to unsoaked control sutures. While commercially available antimicrobial sutures and bacitracin aliquots showed better inhibition effects, placing sutures in antibiotic irrigation solution during surgery can achieve some in vitro antimicrobial activity.

JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multidrug Resistance (MDR): A Widespread Phenomenon in Pharmacological Therapies

Alessia Catalano et al.

Summary: Multidrug resistance, including resistance to anticancer agents and antimicrobial drugs, is a significant concern in public health. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple drugs, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may worsen antimicrobial resistance. Nanodrug delivery systems have shown promise in overcoming resistance.

MOLECULES (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Effect of triclosan on the pathogenesis of allergic diseases among children

Min-Hua Lin et al.

Summary: The study revealed a positive association between TCS exposure and IgE levels, suggesting a potentially higher risk of pediatric atopic disorders among preschoolers.

JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

New insights into inhibitory nature of triclosan on acetylcholinesterase activity

Narasimha Pullaguri et al.

Summary: The antimicrobial agent triclosan can inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) both by direct binding and indirectly through increased oxidative stress, resulting in neurotoxicity.

TOXICOLOGY (2022)

Article Cell Biology

PPARγ Regulates Triclosan Induced Placental Dysfunction

Jing Li et al.

Summary: Exposure to the antibacterial agent triclosan (TCS) during pregnancy is associated with abnormal placenta growth and fetal development. This study demonstrates that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) acts as a protector against TCS-induced toxicity. Activation of PPAR gamma could be a promising strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of TCS exposure on the placenta and fetus.
Article Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

Effect of local hygiene protocols on denture-related stomatitis, biofilm, microbial load, and odor: A randomized controlled trial

Camila B. Araujo et al.

Summary: The study found that different denture hygiene protocols have significant effects on the treatment of denture stomatitis, which can be recommended for complete denture wearers. In this study, the frequency of denture stomatitis scores from high to low was significantly different in the 0.15% Triclosan and denture cleaning tablet groups, but there was no significant difference among the groups in terms of denture stomatitis scores, biofilm, and microbial load of Candida spp.

JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY (2022)

Article Infectious Diseases

A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff Bases: Data Collection and Recent Studies

Jessica Ceramella et al.

Summary: Schiff bases have a wide range of applications in various fields and their conjugation with chitosan can enhance chitosan's antibacterial activity. The use of Schiff base nanoparticles can also improve their antimicrobial effects.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2022)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Source, bioaccumulation, degradability and toxicity of triclosan in aquatic environments: A review

Owias Iqbal Dar et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the presence and degradation process of triclosan in the environment, as well as its toxicity and accumulation effects on aquatic organisms. Due to the widespread use of triclosan and its potential toxicity at lethal concentrations, its use and disposal need to be regulated.

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Determination of Parabens, Bisphenol A and Its Analogs, Triclosan, and Benzophenone-3 Levels in Human Urine by Isotope-Dilution-UPLC-MS/MS Method Followed by Supported Liquid Extraction

Hsin-Chang Chen et al.

Summary: The development of a rapid and accurate analytical method for determining levels of antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in biosamples is crucial for individual exposure assessment. This study developed an ID-UPLC-MS/MS method with SLE pretreatment to determine the levels of four parabens, triclosan, triclocarban, and benzophenone-3 in human urine. The method showed good performance and sensitivity in detecting these chemicals, making it valuable for human biomonitoring.

TOXICS (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

In Vitro Cyto- and Genotoxicity Assessment of Antibacterial Paints with Triclosan and Isoborneol

Micaela Machado Querido et al.

Summary: The cyto- and genotoxic assessment of two self-disinfecting paints containing antimicrobial substances were performed, showing low levels of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity under the tested conditions, indicating commercial potential.

TOXICS (2022)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Triclosan (TCS) affects the level of DNA methylation in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15) cell line in a nontoxic concentration

Konrad A. Szychowski et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of TCS on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, gene expression, and DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in the SCC-15 cell line. The experiments showed that TCS was toxic to SCC-15 cells only at the highest concentrations of 50 and 100 μM. TCS increased ROS production and caspase-3 activity in a wide range of concentrations. Additionally, TCS affected SOD2 mRNA expression and SOD activity in the SCC-15 cell line at a nontoxic concentration of 10 μM, and decreased the mRNA expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B after 6-hour treatment.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Associations between low-dose triclosan exposure and semen quality in a Chinese population

Guanxiang Yuan et al.

Summary: The study found that low-level TCS exposure may have limited effects on male semen quality, potentially inducing some fluctuations.Mechanistic studies on low levels of exposure are needed.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Drug repositioning: Progress and challenges in drug discovery for various diseases

Yi Hua et al.

Summary: Compared with traditional drug discovery, drug repurposing offers a cost-effective and efficient approach. Some drugs may show better effects in different diseases than their original indications. Drug repurposing has proven to be valuable, especially in addressing public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for pharmaceuticals and personal care productions removal in constructed wetlands with different substrate

Bo Hu et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of substrates on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization and the impacts of AMF inoculation on the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Results showed that using adsorptive substrates in constructed wetlands can enhance AMF colonization. AMF can influence the uptake and translocation of PPCPs in plant tissues.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Triclosan induced zebrafish immunotoxicity by targeting miR-19a and its gene socs3b to activate IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway

Chenxi Zhao et al.

Summary: This study observed the effects of acute triclosan (TCS) exposure on the differentiation and development of immune cells using transgenic zebrafish models. It was found that TCS exposure caused abnormalities in innate and adaptive immune cells, possibly triggering a cytokine storm. The study also identified the molecular mechanisms behind TCS-induced immunotoxicity, involving the up-regulation of miR-19a and activation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Research on freshwater water quality criteria, sediment quality criteria and ecological risk assessment of triclosan in China

Xinyu Liu et al.

Summary: This study aims to derive water quality criteria (WQC) and sediment quality criteria (SQC) for protecting Chinese aquatic organisms from triclosan (TCS) and perform ecological risk assessment. WQC of TCS was derived based on acute and chronic toxicity data using species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models, and SQC was derived through phase-equilibrium partitioning method. The results suggest the existence of certain ecological risks of TCS in Chinese rivers and sediments.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2022)

Review Virology

COVID-19 at a Glance: An Up-to-Date Overview on Variants, Drug Design and Therapies

Domenico Iacopetta et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus poses a severe threat to public health. The search for vaccines has led to the approval of about twenty COVID-19 vaccines, but new genetic mutations and variants continue to emerge, necessitating pharmacological treatments.Various treatments, including antivirals, antibiotics, immunomodulators, vitamins, and drug repositioning, are being used to combat the spread of the virus.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

Article Food Science & Technology

Safety assessment of commercial antimicrobial food packaging: Triclosan and microplastics, a closer look

M. D. Marazuela et al.

Summary: This study found that TCS migration was observed in commercial antibacterial food containers despite the EU ban on TCS. Moreover, microplastics were found to leach from the surface of these containers, possibly leading to the transfer of TCS into food and posing a potential health risk to consumers.

FOOD PACKAGING AND SHELF LIFE (2022)

Review Microbiology

Do Triclosan Sutures Modify the Microbial Diversity of Surgical Site Infections? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Frederic C. Daoud et al.

Summary: RCTs show a lower incidence rate of SSIs with triclosan sutures compared with non-triclosan sutures, but no significant difference in microbial diversity of culture-confirmed SSIs was found. The pooled RR of ccSSIs was significant, but the statistical power was low for testing the association between TS antimicrobial activity and reduced SSIs.

MICROORGANISMS (2022)

Review Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

Antiplaque Efficacy of Toothpaste - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Sneha Nachu et al.

Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the antiplaque efficacy of different toothpaste agents, and found that triclosan and stannous fluoride toothpastes were the most effective in reducing dental plaque.

JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

In vitroandin silicoanalysis ofL. donovanienoyl acyl carrier protein reductase-A possible drug target

Shalini Yadav et al.

Summary: The emergence of drug resistance in Leishmaniasis calls for the identification of specific molecular drug targets. Triclosan, as a specific inhibitor of ENR, showed antileishmanial activity and potential as a drug target for Leishmaniasis treatment. Further enzymatic assays are needed to confirm the interaction between triclosan and LdENR.

JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE & DYNAMICS (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Eco-friendly versatile protective polyurethane/triclosan coated polylactic acid nonwovens for medical covers application

Yue Zhang et al.

Summary: The study prepared PLA/TPU/triclosan nonwovens with improved waterproof, antimicrobial, mechanical, and abrasion resistant performance through needle punch-pad-coat method. The modified nonwovens showed excellent water repellency, modest breathability, robust tensile strength, and good antimicrobial performance against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, making them significant for the design of low cost, eco-friendly, sustainable, and mass production of medical products.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Role of triclosan microemulsion against triclosan resistant clones of bacterial pathogens

Jonathan Sampath Franklyne et al.

Summary: Triclosan, banned in many cosmetic products, is still used in endodontic therapy. This study demonstrates how eugenol microemulsions can enhance triclosan activity and prevent the selection of resistant clones. By using a specific formulation, triclosan resistant isolates can be successfully eliminated.

JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Aquatic toxicity of chemically defined microplastics can be explained by functional additives

Ricardo Beiras et al.

Summary: A novel systematic approach was used to study the relationship between plastic toxicity and chemical composition, finding that aquatic toxicity of microplastics made from conventional oil-based polymers is mainly due to leaching of chemical additives rather than ingestion. The use of alternative additives did not consistently reduce aquatic toxicity, except for the replacement of triclosan with the alternative biocide lawsone. The biopolymer PHB may impact marine plankton through mechanisms associated with the higher abundance of nanometric plastic particles found in this resin.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Triclosan induces apoptosis in Burkitt lymphoma-derived BJAB cells through caspase and JNK/MAPK pathways

Mohammad A. Alfhili et al.

Summary: This study investigates the antitumor properties of Triclosan (TCS) in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells, showing that TCS induce cell death through various mechanisms such as membrane phospholipid scrambling, compromised permeability, and activation of caspase and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. This research identifies TCS as a potential antitumor agent with insights into its molecular mechanisms of action in BL cells.

APOPTOSIS (2021)

Article Marine & Freshwater Biology

Effects of triclosan on the RedoximiRs/Sirtuin/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)

Shuang Bao et al.

Summary: This study investigated the transcriptional responses of Nrf2 and its downstream genes, sirtuins, and RedoximiRs in the livers of mosquitofish exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS. Results showed that TCS induced oxidative stress in mosquitofish and modulated the antioxidant system through the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. The study suggests potential profound effects of TCS on aquatic ecological safety via the RedoximiRs/Sirtuin/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Toxicity evaluation and by-products identification of triclosan ozonation and chlorination

Liping Li

Summary: The study investigated the toxicity and transformation characteristics of triclosan ozonation and chlorination, revealing the generation of toxic chlorinated compounds during chlorination and the mitigation of genotoxicity with ozonation treatment. Chlorination led to a 30-fold increase in anti-estrogenic activity, while ozonation could reduce the toxicity of triclosan-containing water. Therefore, ozonation may be a more environmentally friendly and safe method for treating triclosan wastewater.

CHEMOSPHERE (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Gestational triclosan exposure and infant birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Marisa A. Patti et al.

Summary: The results of the study suggest a stronger inverse association between triclosan exposure and infant birth weight in populations with higher triclosan exposure, but no significant association with GA-standardized birth weight.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Association of triclosan and triclocarban in urine with obesity risk in Chinese school children

Minghui Han et al.

Summary: The presence of triclosan and triclocarban in urine was positively associated with childhood obesity, with triclocarban linked to both central obesity and general overweight/obesity, and triclosan associated with central obesity. These findings suggest a potential increased risk of childhood obesity related to exposure to these chemicals.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Biomarkers-based assessment of triclosan toxicity in aquatic environment: A mechanistic review*

Saurav Kumar et al.

Summary: Triclosan (TCS), an emergent pollutant, is raising global concern due to its toxic effects on organisms and aquatic ecosystems. Thorough research on identifying potential biomarkers for assessing chronic effects of TCS is crucial for addressing ecological impacts and monitoring in the future. Subcellular biomarkers such as oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxicity, and metabolic enzymes can be used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of TCS in future investigations.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Triclosan elicited biochemical and transcriptomic alterations in Labeo rohita larvae

Sunil Sharma et al.

Summary: The study revealed significant effects of Triclosan on biochemical parameters and gene expression in Labeo rohita larvae, with certain biomarkers like glucose, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase showing significant declines after exposure. Some parameters showed opposite trends during the recovery period, suggesting their importance in identifying the health status of fish under TCS stress.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Diarylureas as Antitumor Agents

Alessia Catalano et al.

Summary: Diarylurea is a crucial scaffold in medicinal chemistry, found in various heterocyclic compounds with properties such as antithrombotic, antimalarial, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Recent literature has reported diarylureas as inhibitors of serine-threonine kinase or tyrosine kinase. The first diarylurea to be marketed as an anticancer agent was sorafenib, with others following suit. This review explores the progress made in the past decade in developing new diarylureas as anticancer agents.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Triclosan and Maternal Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Danrong Chen et al.

Summary: In general, exposure to triclosan during pregnancy does not have a significant impact on maternal levels of thyroid hormone. Although the results were statistically insignificant, an increase in urine triclosan concentration was associated with a tendency of maternal FT4 levels to increase and TSH levels to decrease during pregnancy.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Treatment of triclosan through enhanced microbial biodegradation

P. Balakrishnan et al.

Summary: Triclosan (TCS) is widely used in healthcare and personal care products as an antibacterial agent, but its persistence and toxicity pose challenges for complete degradation in biological wastewater treatment. This study identified Providencia rettgeri MB-IIT strain as an effective bacteria for degrading TCS, with optimized operational parameters leading to 98% removal efficiency.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Review Infectious Diseases

Diarylureas: Repositioning from Antitumor to Antimicrobials or Multi-Target Agents against New Pandemics

Alessia Catalano et al.

Summary: Antimicrobials have played a significant role in advancing medical treatments, but the emergence of antimicrobial resistance poses challenges in treating infectious diseases. The identification of new coronavirus variants, such as the one in the UK, underscores the urgent need for safe and potent antimicrobials and antivirals. Efforts to develop multitarget therapeutic strategies using compounds like diarylureas are seen as promising for combating new pandemic events.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Triclosan affects motor function in zebrafish larva by inhibiting ache and syn2a genes

Narasimha Pullaguri et al.

Summary: The widespread use of triclosan in personal care products as an antimicrobial agent is causing alarming tissue-bioaccumulation, including in the human brain. This study hypothesized that sublethal triclosan concentrations could alter motor neuron structure and function in zebrafish embryos. The results suggest that prolonged exposure to triclosan could have potential effects on vertebrate nervous systems.

CHEMOSPHERE (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Co-exposure and health risks of parabens, bisphenols, triclosan, phthalate metabolites and hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on simultaneous detection in urine samples from guangzhou, south China

Xiaojing Li et al.

Summary: The study found that the detection frequencies for OH-PAHs and mPAEs in urine samples exceeded 90%, with mPAEs showing the highest concentrations, followed by OH-PAHs and triclosan. The main PAHs are mainly exposed to humans through inhalation, while chemicals added to personal care products are mainly exposed to humans through oral intake and dermal contact. Risk assessments based on Monte Carlo simulation indicated that approximately 30% of the subjects suffered non-carcinogenic risks from mPAEs and OHPAHs, with mPAEs accounting for 89% of the total risk.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Exploring the multilevel effects of triclosan from development, reproduction to behavior using Drosophila melanogaster

Qing Zhang et al.

Summary: The study revealed that Triclosan has negative impacts on the development, reproduction, and behavior of Drosophila, with high concentrations causing impaired metamorphosis, decreased fertility, and potential damage to larval intestinal cells.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

New insights into the cellular mechanism of triclosan-induced dermal toxicity from a combined metabolomic and lipidomic approach

Yanshan Liang et al.

Summary: The study found that exposure to TCS led to elevation of purine and glutathione metabolism, down-regulation of amino acid metabolism, and dysregulation of lipid metabolism in human HaCaT keratinocytes. As a result, overproduction of reactive oxygen species and accumulation of ammonia occurred, contributing to oxidative stress and inflammation related to cell apoptosis.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Evaluation of Triclosan Effects on Cultured Swine Luteal Cells

Giuseppina Basini et al.

Summary: The study identified that triclosan disrupts cellular function, particularly interfering with hormone production and cell proliferation, suggesting a critical evaluation of its effects.

ANIMALS (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

Occurrence, Toxicity, and Removal Methods of Triclosan: a Timely Review

Yuewei Wang et al.

Summary: Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely used in pharmaceutical and personal care products. It enters the environment mainly through effluent and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants, and its persistence in the aquatic environment and soil poses potential harm. Research on TCS has focused on its occurrence, toxicity, ecological effects, and removal methods. Recent findings highlight its long half-life, toxicity, joint effects with other pollutants, and the toxicity of its transformation products. Removal methods include adsorption, advanced oxidation technology, and ecological engineering, with constant updates and advancements.

CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Frequent occurrence of triclosan hydroxylation in mammals: A combined theoretical and experimental investigation

Hongna Zhang et al.

Summary: The metabolic activation of TCS in mammals is often through aromatic hydroxylation, with CYP2B6 potentially playing a key role. Multiple oxidative metabolites of TCS were identified in mouse liver, bile, feces, plasma, and urine, showing isomer-specific retention in mice. Isomeric hydroxylated metabolites were also detected in the urine and stool of human subjects using TCS-containing household and personal care products for the first time.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Article Microbiology

Reduced Susceptibility and Increased Resistance of Bacteria against Disinfectants: A Systematic Review

Urska Rozman et al.

Summary: The study reviewed whether mutations and reduced susceptibility to disinfectants occur in bacteria during disinfectant exposure. It found significant deviations in the minimum inhibitory concentration for disinfectants based on triclosan and chlorhexidine, indicating a potential increase in disinfectant resistance and related issues with antibiotic resistance in clinically important bacterial strains.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Different Facets of Triclocarban: A Review

Domenico Iacopetta et al.

Summary: Triclocarban, a polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobial agent, has been widely used in various products for over 50 years, but concerns about its endocrine disruptive properties have led to a ban by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in hand and body washes. Efforts are now being made to find alternative antimicrobial compounds.

MOLECULES (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

New InhA Inhibitors Based on Expanded Triclosan and Di-Triclosan Analogues to Develop a New Treatment for Tuberculosis

Sarentha Chetty et al.

Summary: The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis has highlighted the urgent need for the development of new anti-TB drugs. Through a rational structure-based drug-design approach and in silico molecular modelling, new flexible ligands were designed and synthesized as potential inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These compounds show promising inhibitory effects and offer opportunities for further optimization.

PHARMACEUTICALS (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

The triclosan-induced shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism link to increased steroidogenesis in human ovarian granulosa cells

Yatao Du et al.

Summary: Various research groups have shown that TCS can increase the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in different types of cells, but the exact toxic mechanism at a molecular level is still unclear. This study focuses on how TCS affects energy metabolism to increase steroidogenesis in human ovarian cells, demonstrating a shift in glucose flow towards steroid hormone biosynthesis.

ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (2021)

Article Oncology

Risk of breast cancer and prediagnostic urinary excretion of bisphenol A, triclosan and parabens: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Anna H. Wu et al.

Summary: This study found that breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population was not associated with BPA exposure, but was weakly inversely associated with triclosan and paraben exposure. Higher concentrations of paraben exposure were associated with a lower risk of hormone receptor positive cancer, while triclosan exposure had a mainly inverse association with overweight/obese women.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Triclosan weakens the nitrification process of activated sludge and increases the risk of the spread of antibiotic resistance genes

Qiyang Tan et al.

Summary: The usage of triclosan may inhibit nitrification and increase the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge, while promoting tolerance and degradation of phenols. Flavobacterium plays a key role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Article Toxicology

Dermal Exposure to the Immunomodulatory Antimicrobial Chemical Triclosan Alters the Skin Barrier Integrity and Microbiome in Mice

Rachel Baur et al.

Summary: Research suggests that the skin barrier and microbiome play crucial roles in allergic immune responses to the antimicrobial chemical triclosan, with dermal exposure leading to alterations in skin barrier integrity and microbiome composition.

TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

Association of urinary triclosan and methyl-triclosan levels with predictive indicators of cardiovascular disease and obesity in children and adolescents in 2020 (case study: Kerman, Iran)

Habibeh Nasab et al.

Summary: The study found that the average concentrations of TCS and MTCS in the obese population were 5.47μg/L and 2.32μg/L, and there was a positive correlation between TCS levels and DBP in males, as well as a positive correlation between MTCS and DBP. TCS and MTCS were significantly associated with HDL, LDL, and TG.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT JOURNAL (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Triclosan inhibits the activation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts induced by lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis

Wei Shu et al.

Summary: Triclosan attenuates the activation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts and downregulates inflammatory cytokines through various mechanisms, highlighting its protective role in periodontal inflammation.

JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exploring the chemical space of 1,2,3-triazolyl triclosan analogs for discovery of new antileishmanial chemotherapeutic agents

Julia Fernandez de Luco et al.

Summary: Triclosan and isoniazid, known antitubercular compounds, were tested for their leishmanicidal activity using a collection of 37 diverse 1,2,3-triazoles. While some analogs showed activity against Leishmania donovani, there were scarce active compounds against M. tuberculosis. One derivative, 5f, could be a valuable starting point for future antileishmanial drug development, and further investigation is needed to validate a putative leishmanial InhA orthologue as a therapeutic target.

RSC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Toxicology

Long-term exposure to triclosan increases migration and invasion of human breast epithelial cells in vitro

Abdullah Farasani et al.

Summary: The extensive use of triclosan as an antimicrobial agent in household and personal care products has raised concerns about its potential involvement in breast cancer due to its presence in human tissues and estrogen-disrupting properties. Research has shown that long-term exposure to low doses of triclosan can increase the migration and invasion capabilities of human breast epithelial cells, indicating a potential risk factor for breast cancer metastasis.

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