Cardioprotective Peptides from Milk Processing and Dairy Products: From Bioactivity to Final Products including Commercialization and Legislation

Recent research has revealed the potential of peptides derived from dairy products preventing cardiovascular disorders, one of the main causes of death worldwide. This review provides an overview of the main cardioprotective effects (assayed in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo) of bioactive peptides derived from different dairy processing methods (fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis) and dairy products (yogurt, cheese, and kefir), as well as the beneficial or detrimental effects of the process of gastrointestinal digestion following oral consumption on the biological activities of dairy-derived peptides. The main literature available on the structure-function relationship of dairy bioactive peptides, such as molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationships, and their allergenicity and toxicity will also be covered together with the main legislative frameworks governing the commercialization of these compounds. The current products and companies currently commercializing their products as a source of bioactive peptides will also be summarized, emphasizing the main challenges and opportunities for the industrial exploitation of dairy bioactive peptides in the market of functional food and nutraceuticals.

Automated summary

Recent research has shown the potential of peptides derived from dairy products in preventing cardiovascular disorders. This review provides an overview of the cardioprotective effects of bioactive peptides derived from different dairy processing methods and products. It also discusses the impact of gastrointestinal digestion on the biological activities of these peptides. Additionally, the study covers the structure-function relationship, allergenicity, and toxicity of dairy bioactive peptides, as well as the legislative frameworks governing their commercialization. The current products and companies in the market are summarized, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for the industrial exploitation of these peptides.