Viral RNA Load and Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in Paired Respiratory and Oral Specimens from Symptomatic, Asymptomatic, or Postsymptomatic Individuals

Article Infectious Diseases

Saliva sample as a non-invasive specimen for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019: a cross-sectional study

E. Pasomsub et al.

Summary: Saliva may serve as an alternative specimen for the diagnosis of COVID-19, with high sensitivity and specificity compared to nasopharyngeal and throat swab RT-PCR.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

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Article Immunology

Sensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Saliva for the Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Alainna J. Jamal et al.

Summary: A study of 91 inpatients with COVID-19 in Toronto, Canada, found that nasopharyngeal swabs had a sensitivity of 89% compared to saliva's 72% sensitivity when tested with real-time RT-PCR. The difference in sensitivity was more pronounced for sample pairs collected later in the course of the illness.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Virology

Detection profile of SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR in different types of clinical specimens: A systematic review and meta-analysis

George M. Bwire et al.

Summary: Testing using appropriate specimens and accurate diagnostic tests like qRT-PCR is important for curbing the spread of COVID-19. A systematic review found high detection rates in lower respiratory tract specimens, while no virus was detected in urinogenital specimens. Bronchoalveolar lavage had the highest positive rate followed by rectal swabs and sputum. Nasopharyngeal swabs, commonly used, had a moderate positive rate. Low rates were observed in oropharyngeal swabs and blood samples, while no virus was found in urine samples. Fecal samples showed a positive rate, suggesting potential fecal transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors

Eric A. Meyerowitz et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, primarily spreads through respiratory transmission, with infectiousness peaking around a day before symptom onset. Most individuals do not transmit the virus, while a few can cause super-spreading events.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Pathology

Accuracy and stability of saliva as a sample for reverse transcription PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2

Yoshifumi Uwamino et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Comparative evaluation of nasopharyngeal swab and saliva specimens for the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Japanese patients with COVID-19

Daisuke Sakanashi et al.

Summary: The study suggests that saliva could potentially serve as an effective alternative specimen for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection, especially in situations of shortage of personal protective equipment and specimen sampling tools.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Review Virology

Alternative clinical specimens for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review

Laura Comber et al.

Summary: This review synthesized evidence comparing the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using saliva or nasal specimens with nasopharyngeal specimens. While alternative clinical specimens may offer benefits, the results showed inconsistencies and limited evidence for their use as viable alternatives.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Allergy

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 using real-time polymerase chain reaction in different clinical specimens: A critical review

Anees Muhammad et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, with over seven million confirmed cases reported globally. Early laboratory diagnosis is crucial for controlling the spread, and real-time PCR is considered efficient for early detection.

ALLERGOLOGIA ET IMMUNOPATHOLOGIA (2021)

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Article Immunology

Viral Cultures for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infectivity Assessment: A Systematic Review

Tom Jefferson et al.

Summary: This review aimed to investigate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 culture and RT-PCR results, as well as other variables such as time from symptom onset. The findings suggest that there is a correlation between Ct values, symptom severity, and the ability to culture live virus. It was also noted that those with high Ct values are less likely to have infectious potential.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 over the preclinical, clinical, and postclinical period

Sukbin Jang et al.

Summary: This study focused on viral kinetics of COVID-19 in patients, revealing a high viral load on the day of symptom development with subsequent decrease. Rapid viral proliferation was observed 0-5 days before symptoms, and the lowest viral load was found 5-10 days after symptom onset, with rRT-PCR results turning negative approximately 3 weeks later.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Saliva Is a Promising Alternative Specimen for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Children and Adults

Rebecca Yee et al.

Summary: Overall concordances for saliva and NPS were 91.0% and 94.7% respectively, with positive percent agreement (PPA) values of 81.4% and 89.7%. Saliva detected 10 additional positive cases compared to NPS. Both saliva and NPS showed comparable performance for symptomatic and asymptomatic pediatric patients not previously diagnosed with COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

Saliva samples for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in mildly symptomatic and asymptomatic patients

Emin Ediz Tutuncu et al.

Summary: The study found that saliva specimens can be considered as a reliable and less resource-intensive alternative to nasopharyngeal specimens for screening asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom

Jamie Murphy et al.

Summary: Identifying and understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy within distinct populations may aid future public health messaging. Using nationally representative data from the general adult populations of Ireland and the UK, the study found differences in vaccine hesitancy/resistance between the two countries but similarities in psychological constructs among resistant respondents. Vaccine-resistant individuals in both populations were less likely to obtain information from traditional and authoritative sources and had similar levels of mistrust in these sources compared to vaccine-accepting individuals.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Performance of Saliva, Oropharyngeal Swabs, and Nasal Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Detection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Rose A. Lee et al.

Summary: Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are considered the best sample for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, but saliva, oropharyngeal (OP), nasal (NS) swabs, and combinations of OP/NS are promising alternatives. While some alternative samples had lower detection rates, a combination of OP/NS showed comparable performance to NP swabs. The absence of RNA extraction (saliva) and use of a more sensitive nucleic acid amplification test (NS) significantly reduced the positive yield of alternative samples.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

Susceptibility of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to SARS-CoV-2

Mitchell Palmer et al.

Summary: White-tailed deer are highly susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, shedding infectious virus and transmitting it to other deer upon intranasal inoculation, providing important insights into the potential animal hosts of the virus.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Saliva as a testing specimen with or without pooling for SARS-CoV-2 detection by multiplex RT-PCR test

Qing Sun et al.

Summary: The QuantiVirus(TM) SARS-CoV-2 test has a limit of detection of 200 copies/mL in contrived saliva samples. The clinical performance of saliva-based testing is comparable to NPS-based testing. Pooling of saliva specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection is feasible.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Equivalent SARS-CoV-2 viral loads by PCR between nasopharyngeal swab and saliva in symptomatic patients

Isao Yokota et al.

Summary: This study found equivalent viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva in COVID-19 patients, with saliva showing comparable detection sensitivity to nasopharyngeal swabs.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ Interim Recommendation for Use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, February 2021

Sara E. Oliver et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Lombardy, Italy

Danilo Cereda et al.

Summary: Before February 20, 2020, over 500 cases of COVID-19 were detected in Lombardy, with SARS-CoV-2 already circulating in at least 222 municipalities. The mean serial interval was 6.6 days, and the basic reproduction number ranged from 2.6 to 3.3 across different provinces in Lombardy. A decrease in the net reproduction number was observed following the detection of the first case.

EPIDEMICS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2

Luis A. Herrera et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that saliva sampling is comparable to nasopharyngeal swab sampling in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility for detecting SARS-CoV-2, with saliva showing higher concordance and viral concentration. Additionally, saliva samples are stable without preservatives and can still detect positive results after an extended period of time. Benefits include cost reduction and increased sample analysis efficiency through pooling.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers - Eight US Locations, December 2020-March 2021

Mark G. Thompson et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Virology

Clinical evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in individual and pooled upper respiratory tract samples

Melissa Laverack et al.

Summary: The study aimed to identify and validate a sensitive, high-throughput, cost-effective SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR assay for university surveillance. The newly developed EZ-SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay showed good clinical performance and is suitable for high-throughput surveillance testing programs.

ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

Comparing saliva and nasopharyngeal swab specimens in the detection of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kaveh Nasiri et al.

Summary: This study found no significant difference between saliva specimen and nasopharyngeal swab specimen in diagnosing COVID-19, with saliva specimen being more preferable for widespread use. Further in vivo studies are needed to compare and evaluate the two specimen types using various techniques.

JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Animal Models for COVID-19: Hamsters, Mouse, Ferret, Mink, Tree Shrew, and Non-human Primates

Shuyu Shou et al.

Summary: Selecting appropriate animal models for SARS-CoV-2 research is crucial for antiviral drug development and therapeutic effect evaluation.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Respiratory System

Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of upper respiratory specimens from COVID-19 patients by virus isolation using VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells

Souichi Yamada et al.

Summary: This study developed a simple and rapid protocol for isolating SARS-CoV-2 from respiratory specimens, showing that in combination with rRT-PCR, it provides a means for assessing the potential risk of transmissible virus in upper respiratory specimens.

BMJ OPEN RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal