Core Gut Microbiota of Shrimp Function as a Regulator to Maintain Immune Homeostasis in Response to WSSV Infection

The gut microbiota is an integral part of the host and has a functional potential in host physiology. Numerous scientific efforts have opened new horizons in gut microbiota research and enhanced the understanding of host-microbe interactions in vertebrates. However, evidence on the association between the gut microbiota and immunity in invertebrates, especially in shrimp, which is an important aquatic animal, is limited. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to investigate the correlation between them. Comparing the gut microbiota among the four different species of shrimp, we found huge variations and determined a core gut microbiota composed of 55 microbes. The environmental challenge of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection led to changes in core microbial structures, but the alteration of core microbiota among different shrimp followed the same trend and showed immune-related function in the prediction of its metabolic potential. In metabolomic analysis, nine significantly upregulated metabolites found after viral infection indicated that they have antiviral potential. Moreover, we found a tight correlation between them and almost half of the core microbiota. These data demonstrate that these metabolites are responsible for maintaining the immune homeostasis of the host and prove the function of the gut microbiota and the related metabolome in antiviral immunity of shrimp. IMPORTANCE Abundant gut microorganisms constitute a complex microecosystem with the intestinal environment of the host, which plays a critical role in the adjustment of various physiological states of the organism. Sequencing and mass spectrometry data collected from intestinal samples of shrimp after virus infection helped to investigate the special function of the microecosystem and suggested that the gut microbiota has a functional potential in maintaining immune homeostasis of the host under environmental challenge.

Automated summary

The gut microbiota plays a key role in the immunity of shrimp, and changes in the core microbiota are observed during viral infection. Metabolomic analysis reveals nine significantly upregulated metabolites with antiviral potential after viral infection. These findings highlight the importance of the gut microbiota and metabolome in maintaining immune homeostasis and antiviral immunity in shrimp.