Development and Testing of a Low-Cost Inactivation Buffer That Allows for Direct SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Saliva

Review Virology

A structural view of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its assembly

Nathan J. Hardenbrook et al.

Summary: In this review, the authors summarize the structural work on SARS-CoV-2 virus and its cellular assembly process, highlighting important findings that have significantly impacted the protection and treatment of emerging viral infections.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study

Michela Antonelli et al.

Summary: Despite the high efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, some individuals still become infected with SARS-CoV-2 post-vaccination. Risk factors for post-vaccination infection include frailty in older adults, living in deprived areas, and obesity. Vaccination is associated with reduced odds of severe symptoms and long-duration illness. The findings suggest the importance of targeting at-risk populations and maintaining infection control measures even in vaccinated individuals.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Fecal Samples From Patients With Asymptomatic and Mild COVID-19 in Korea

Soo-kyung Park et al.

Summary: This study in Korea found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms, and shedding of virus into feces may be related to viral load in respiratory specimens.

CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Evaluation of the rapid antigen test Panbio COVID-19 in saliva and nasal swabs in a population-based point-of-care study

Vanesa Agullo et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2021)

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Article Virology

Co-infection of influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2: A retrospective cohort study

Yuan Cheng et al.

Summary: A study analyzed data from 213 COVID-19 patients treated at Tongji Hospital in Wuhan from January 28, 2020 to March 24, 2020, revealing that 45.5% of patients tested positive for influenza A virus (IFV-A). Patients with co-infection showed similar clinical patterns to those with SARS-CoV-2 infection only, but higher levels of inflammatory markers and cardiac injury were observed in the latter group.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

SCIENTISTS WORLDWIDE WATCH UK COVID INFECTIONS

Luke Taylor

NATURE (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

HEAVILY MUTATED OMICRON VARIANT PUTS SCIENTISTS ON ALERT

Ewen Callaway

NATURE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Performance of Saliva, Oropharyngeal Swabs, and Nasal Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Detection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Rose A. Lee et al.

Summary: Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are considered the best sample for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, but saliva, oropharyngeal (OP), nasal (NS) swabs, and combinations of OP/NS are promising alternatives. While some alternative samples had lower detection rates, a combination of OP/NS showed comparable performance to NP swabs. The absence of RNA extraction (saliva) and use of a more sensitive nucleic acid amplification test (NS) significantly reduced the positive yield of alternative samples.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Extraction-free protocol combining proteinase K and heat inactivation for detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR

Valeria Genoud et al.

Summary: The PK+HID method is an extraction-free RT-qPCR technique for SARS-CoV-2 detection, showing improved performance compared to traditional heat-inactivation procedures. It can be combined with multiplexing RT-qPCR kits, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity in clinical sample analysis.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rapid assessment of SARS-CoV-2-evolved variants using virus-like particles

Abdullah M. Syed et al.

Summary: Efforts to determine the improved fitness of new SARS-CoV-2 variants have been limited to analyzing spike protein mutations. This study shows that SC2-VLPs can deliver exogenous transcripts, allowing analysis of mutations in all structural proteins. Specific nucleocapsid mutations were found to independently increase messenger RNA delivery and expression, shedding light on mechanisms behind the increased spread of variants.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Saliva is a reliable and accessible source for the detection of SARS-CoV-2

Luis A. Herrera et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that saliva sampling is comparable to nasopharyngeal swab sampling in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility for detecting SARS-CoV-2, with saliva showing higher concordance and viral concentration. Additionally, saliva samples are stable without preservatives and can still detect positive results after an extended period of time. Benefits include cost reduction and increased sample analysis efficiency through pooling.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

The Potential Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic Will SARS-CoV-2 Become a Recurrent Seasonal Infection?

Christopher J. L. Murray et al.

Summary: The viewpoint discusses the possibility of COVID-19 becoming a seasonal disease like influenza and suggests strategies to mitigate the consequences for communities and health systems, including changes in surveillance methods, medical and public health responses, and socioeconomic programs.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Efficacy and validity of automated quantitative chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen test from saliva specimen in the diagnosis of COVID-19

Nobuhiro Asai et al.

Summary: The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the automated quantitative CLEIA antigen test using a saliva sample for COVID-19. Results showed that the test had high sensitivity and specificity, making it a valuable diagnostic tool for the disease.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2021)

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Letter Virology

Evaluation of rapid antigen tests based on saliva for the detection of SARS-CoV-2

Tamara Seitz et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

The effect of heat-treatment on SARS-CoV-2 viability and detection

Jane Burton et al.

Summary: Heat treatment can effectively reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2, but the outcome varies significantly depending on the temperature and duration. Local validation is crucial for assessing the efficacy of heat-inactivation in molecular testing.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2021)

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Article Pathology

RNase in the saliva can affect the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by real-time one-step polymerase chain reaction using saliva samples

Yuka Nishibata et al.

Summary: Saliva is an effective sample for PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2, with the advantages of low risk of droplet infection and ease of collection. The study found that RNase in saliva may affect PCR detection results, so adding an RNase inhibitor to the sample can improve detection accuracy.

PATHOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE (2021)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2: structural and functional insights

Asif Shajahan et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which contains glycosylated proteins that interact with host receptors like hACE2 to facilitate infection. Studies show that these glycosylated proteins play important roles in viral infection and immune evasion, understanding which can aid in developing suitable prevention and therapy strategies.

ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Resilient SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics workflows including viral heat inactivation

Maria Jose Lista et al.

Summary: The study provides multiple workflows for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection in clinical samples by comparing different commercially available RNA extraction methods and RT-qPCR reagents. Beckman performed better with primer-probe combinations, and Luna reagent showed the highest sensitivity. Additionally, heat treatment of nasopharyngeal swabs can effectively inactivate SARS-CoV-2 without affecting qPCR sensitivity, making testing more portable in non-CL-3 facilities.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

COVID-19 Israel's grim warning: Delta can overwhelm shots

Meredith Wadman

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Accuracy of novel antigen rapid diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2: A living systematic review and meta-analysis

Lukas E. Brummer et al.

Summary: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the clinical accuracy of commercially available Ag-RDTs for SARS-CoV-2. The study found that Ag-RDTs can detect the vast majority of infected individuals in the early phase of the disease and those with high viral load, making them valuable diagnostic tools. However, concerns were raised regarding bias across datasets and the need for standardization in conducting and reporting clinical accuracy studies for improved comparability and data utilization.

PLOS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Pediatrics

School-Based Surveillance of Respiratory Pathogens on High-Touch Surfaces

Alastair F. Murray et al.

Summary: The study assessed the presence of respiratory pathogens on high-touch surfaces in elementary schools in Seattle, finding viral pathogens known to cause respiratory illnesses (such as rhinovirus, adenovirus, and influenza) on commonly touched surfaces, especially wooden surfaces, matching the patterns of circulating virus in the community.

FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Saliva is Comparable to Nasopharyngeal Swabs for Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2

Cody Callahan et al.

Summary: This study compared saliva to NP swabs in an outpatient setting, showing that saliva has good concordance with NP swabs on high-sensitivity testing platforms and is easier for self-collection. Despite lower viral loads in saliva compared to NP specimens, saliva testing remains reliable for most outpatient individuals.

MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Saliva Direct: A simplified and flexible platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity

Chantal B. F. Vogels et al.

Summary: SalivaDirect simplifies saliva-based diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating high positive agreement with traditional swab testing. This innovative approach can make large scale testing more accessible and affordable, offering an alternative solution to supply chain issues.

MED (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases