Betel quid chewing and oral potential malignant disorders and the impact of smoking and drinking: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Oral potential malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a precancerous condition of oral disease. Several studies have found that betel quid chewing, smoking and alcohol drinking might be the risk factors of OPMDs. But the relationships of them, especially their interaction are still inconclusive. AIM To evaluate the relationship between betel quid chewing and OPMDs and to explore the interaction of smoking and alcohol drinking on the relationship. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases with items complete until January 2021 for relevant studies. The research data were extracted according to the inclusion criteria. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the effect size. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess interactions between exposures and OPMDs. Relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) was used to estimate the size of interaction. RESULTS Nine articles were selected in the final meta-analysis. The results showed that betel quid chewing (pooled OR: 8.70, 95%CI: 5.18-14.61), alcohol consumption (pooled OR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.5-2.55), and smoking (pooled OR:4.35, 95%CI: 3.06-6.2) could significantly increase the risk of OPMDs compared to individuals without these behaviors. Smoking and alcohol drinking synergistically increased the association between betel quid chewing and OPMDs (pooled OR(BQ+SM):14.38, 95%CI: 7.14-28.95; pooled OR(BQ+DK): 11.12, 95%CI: 8.00-15.45, respectively). The RERI(BQ+SM) and RERI(BQ+DK) were 2.33 and 1.47, respectively. CONCLUSION The synergistic effects between smoking/drinking and betel quid highlights the importance of focusing on individuals with multiple exposures. Further study should be conducted to confirm these interactions.

Automated summary

There is a significant relationship between betel quid chewing, alcohol consumption, smoking, and oral potential malignant disorders (OPMDs). Furthermore, smoking and alcohol drinking enhance the association between betel quid chewing and OPMDs.