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Pathobiology and Therapeutic Relevance of GSK-3 in Chronic Hematological Malignancies

期刊

CELLS
卷 11, 期 11, 页码 -

出版社

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cells11111812

关键词

GSK-3; paralogs; chronic hematological malignancies; targeted therapy; chronic myelogenous leukemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia; multiple myeloma; B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

资金

  1. MIUR PRIN 2017RKWNJT

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GSK-3 is a multifunctional protein kinase involved in various physiological processes and plays a crucial role in cancer cell pathobiology. While often inactivated in cancer cells, GSK-3 isoforms can also act as tumor promoters in certain contexts.
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological processes. GSK-3 comprises two isoforms (alpha and beta) which were originally discovered in 1980 as enzymes involved in glucose metabolism via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase. Differently from other proteins kinases, GSK-3 isoforms are constitutively active in resting cells, and their modulation mainly involves inhibition through upstream regulatory networks. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 isoforms were implicated as key players in cancer cell pathobiology. Active GSK-3 facilitates the destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins which include beta-catenin and Master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism (c-Myc). Therefore, GSK-3 was initially considered to be a tumor suppressor. Consistently, GSK-3 is often inactivated in cancer cells through dysregulated upstream signaling pathways. However, over the past 10-15 years, a growing number of studies highlighted that in some cancer settings GSK-3 isoforms inhibit tumor suppressing pathways and therefore act as tumor promoters. In this article, we will discuss the multiple and often enigmatic roles played by GSK-3 isoforms in some chronic hematological malignancies (chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas) which are among the most common blood cancer cell types. We will also summarize possible novel strategies targeting GSK-3 for innovative therapies of these disorders.

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