Mixture optimisation for cement-soil mixtures with embedded GFRP tendons

The glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebar reinforced cemented soil is widely employed to solve the weak foundation problem led by sludge particularly. The robustness of this structure is highly dependent on the interface bond strength between the GFRP tendon and cemented soils. However, its application is obstructed owing to the deficient studies on the influence factors. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of water content (C-w: 50%-90%), cement proportion (C-c: 6%-30%), and curing period (T (c): 28-90 days) on peak and residual interface bond strengths (T-p and T-t), as well as the unconfined compression strength (UCS). Results indicated that mechanical properties were positively responded to T-c and C-c, while negatively correlated to C-w. Besides, Random Forest (RF), one of the machine learning (ML) models, was developed with its hyperparameters tuned by the firefly algorithm (FA) based on the experimental dataset. The pullout strength was predicted by the ML model for the first time. High correlation coefficients and low root-mean-square errors verified the accuracy of established RF-FA models in this study. Subsequently, a coFA-based multi-objective optimisation firefly algorithm (MOFA) was introduced to optimise tri-objectives between UCS, T-p (or T-t), and cost. The Pareto fronts were successfully acquired for optimal mixture designs, which contributes to the application of GFRP tendon reinforced cemented soil in practice. In addition, the sensitivity of input variables was evaluated and ranked. (C)& nbsp;2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.& nbsp;

Automated summary

This study investigated the influence factors of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebar reinforced cemented soil, revealing that mechanical properties positively responded to cement proportion and curing period, while negatively correlated to water content. Machine learning models were utilized for prediction and a multi-objective optimization approach was successfully implemented.