Diurnal Thermally Driven Cross-Shore Exchange in Steady Alongshore Currents

Idealized numerical modeling of thermally driven baroclinic exchange is performed to understand how cross-shore flow is modulated by steady alongshore currents and associated shear-generated turbulence. In general, we find that shear-driven vertical mixing reduces the temperature gradients responsible for establishing the baroclinic flow, such that cross-shore thermal exchange diminishes with alongshore current speed. Circulation in a base-case simulation of thermal exchange with no alongshore forcing contains a cooling response consisting of a midday flow in the form of a downslope current with a compensating onshore near-surface flow driving cross-shore exchange, followed by an afternoon warming response flow via an offshore-directed surface warm front, with a compensating return flow at the bottom. Nighttime convective cooling enhances vertical mixing and decelerates the warming response, and the diurnal cycle is renewed. In this base-case scenario, representative of tropical reef environments with optically clear water and weak alongshore flow, surface heating and cooling can drive cross-shore circulation with O(1) cm s(-1) velocities. Alongshore flow forcing is implemented to induce upwelling- and downwelling-favorable cross-shore circulation. For mild alongshore forcing, the baroclinic cross-shore exchange flow is enhanced due to an increase in the horizontal temperature gradient. Stronger alongshore flow leads to diminished thermally driven exchange, ultimately reaching a regime where the cross-shore exchange is due predominantly to Ekman dynamics. Though exchange velocities are relatively small (O(1) cm s(-1)), these persistent exchange flows are capable of flushing the nearshore region multiple times per day, with important implications for water properties of nearshore ecosystems.

Automated summary

Numerical modeling is used to study how cross-shore flow is affected by steady alongshore currents and shear-generated turbulence. The results show that shear-driven vertical mixing reduces temperature gradients and decreases cross-shore thermal exchange with increasing alongshore current speed. Alongshore flow can enhance or diminish the baroclinic cross-shore exchange flow, depending on its strength, ultimately leading to a dominance of Ekman dynamics for exchange.