期刊
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY
卷 13, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.799470
关键词
development; adolescence; anxiety; depression; oral contraceptives (OCs)
类别
资金
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research [GB-MAGW 480-03-005, GB-MAGW 480-08-006]
- Stichting Achmea Slachtoffer en Samenleving (SASS)
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research to the Consortium Individual Development [024.001.003]
- European Research Council [ERC-2017-CoG - 773023]
- VU University Amsterdam
- Utrecht University
- Vici innovational research grant [45315005]
The use of oral contraceptives (OCs) in adolescents is associated with altered developmental trajectory of depressive and anxiety symptoms, where OC users do not show an increase in symptoms, while never users do. Further research is needed to understand the long-term consequences of OC use on mental health.
BackgroundThe use of oral contraceptives (OCs) has been associated with increased incidences of anxiety and depression, for which adolescents seem to be particularly vulnerable. Rather than looking at singular outcomes, we examined whether OC use is associated with depressive and anxiety symptom trajectories from early adolescence into early adulthood. Materials and MethodsData from 178 girls were drawn from the Research on Adolescent Development and Relationships (RADAR-Y) younger cohort study. We used assessments on 9 waves from age 13 until 24. Developmental trajectories of ratings on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS-2) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) were compared between never and ever users of OCs. ResultsNever users showed increases in depressive and anxiety symptoms in late adolescence, whereas OC users showed a stable level of symptoms throughout adolescence. This effect remained after adjusting for baseline differences between groups in romantic relationships, sexual debut, educational level, smoking, drinking, and drug use. Age of OC use onset did not significantly predict symptom development. ConclusionsOC use in adolescence was related to an altered developmental trajectory of internalizing symptoms, in which OC users did not show an increase in depressive and anxiety symptoms in late adolescence, whereas never users did. The question remains whether this altered symptom trajectory can be considered a protective effect of OC use on psychopathology. Additional research is needed to improve our understanding of the long-term consequences of OC use on mental health.
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