4.4 Review

How do plants defend themselves against pathogens-Biochemical mechanisms and genetic interventions

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Article Plant Sciences

Induction of Defense-Related Enzymes and Pathogenesis-Related Proteins Imparts Resistance to Barley Genotypes Against Spot Blotch Disease

Simardeep Kaur et al.

Summary: Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a major foliar disease of barley worldwide. In this study, different barley genotypes were evaluated for their response to the pathogen. BL 1369 showed moderate resistance, while PL 807, DWRUB 52, and BL 1338 were moderately susceptible. The activities of various enzymes and antioxidants differed among genotypes in response to the pathogen.

JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION (2022)

Article Plant Sciences

Biosynthesis and antifungal activity of fungus-induced O-methylated flavonoids in maize

Christiane Foerster et al.

Summary: Upon fungal infection, maize produces a diverse blend of O-methylflavonoids with antifungal activity. The key biosynthetic enzymes identified include two O-methyltransferases (OMTs) and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP), which play crucial roles in the formation of the antifungal compounds.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Unlocking plant metabolic diversity: A (pan)- genomic view

Xuan Zhou et al.

Summary: Plants produce diverse natural chemicals that play adaptive roles throughout their life cycles. However, the complexity and size of plant genomes hinder the exploration of metabolic diversity. Advances in genome sequencing and pan-genomic data analysis have revealed gene clusters associated with important agronomic traits in plants, leading to the discovery of plant metabolic diversification. The future of investigating metabolic diversity in plants lies in the pan-genomics era.

PLANT COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Seed treatment and foliar application of methyl salicylate (MeSA) as a defense mechanism in rice plants against the pathogenic bacterium, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Kandasamy Kalaivani et al.

Summary: Methyl salicylate (MeSA) can enhance the expression and activity of peroxidase (POD) in rice plants, particularly showing stronger effects under bacterial blight infection conditions, and this effect is dose-dependent.

PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside confers non-cultivar-specific defence against the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae

Justice Norvienyeku et al.

Summary: Different rice cultivars show differential resistance to blast fungus, with certain metabolites expressed exclusively in susceptible and resistant varieties post-infection; Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside levels correlate directly with resistance traits; findings suggest potential for engineering saponin expression in cereal crops for sustainable disease management.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Dynamics of limited neoplastic growth on Pongamia pinnata (L.) (Fabaceae) leaf, induced by Aceria pongamiae (Acari: Eriophyidae)

P. P. Anand et al.

Summary: This study focuses on the gall inducing habit of a highly host specific eriophyid mite, Aceria pongamiae, on Pongamia pinnata, revealing significant variations in cell metaplasia and polarities of laminar surfaces during gall formation. Additionally, variations in antioxidative potency, elemental composition, and ATR-FTIR pattern of gall formation were observed in different age groups of galls.

BMC PLANT BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tangeretin inhibits fungal ferroptosis to suppress rice blast

Meiling Liang et al.

Summary: Flavonoids in plants, such as tangeretin, have shown potential as antioxidants and inhibitors of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Tangeretin delays the formation of appressoria of M. oryzae and blocks blast lesions on rice plants by interfering with conidial cell death. Overexpression of NADPH oxidases NOX1 or NOX2 reduces sensitivity to tangeretin treatment, indicating a possible target for regulating redox signaling and ferroptosis in M. oryzae.

JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Mutual potentiation of plant immunity by cell-surface and intracellular receptors

Bruno Pok Man Ngou et al.

Summary: Research shows that intracellular receptors and cell-surface receptors in plant immunity interact and enhance each other to activate strong defense mechanisms against pathogens. The immune system of plant cells plays a crucial role in pathogen recognition and the activation of proteins.

NATURE (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Targeted and Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of Wheat Reveals Amino Acids Increase Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight

Peiying Zhao et al.

Summary: This study used untargeted and targeted metabolomics to analyze the metabolite differences between two wheat varieties after Fusarium graminearum infection, revealing differential amino acid metabolic pathways and contents. Exogenous application of amino acids showed proline and alanine increased wheat resistance to FHB, while cysteine aggravated susceptibility. The optimization metabolite extraction method presented an effective strategy to explore the mechanisms involved in FHB resistance.

FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Transcriptome analysis of early stages of sorghum grain mold disease reveals defense regulators and metabolic pathways associated with resistance

Habte Nida et al.

Summary: The transcriptome profiles of developing grain in resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes revealed differential regulation of molecular and cellular processes related to defense, secondary metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Resistance was associated with increased expression of genes encoding regulatory factors, antimicrobial peptides, and storage proteins, suggesting potential targets for crop improvement.

BMC GENOMICS (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Role of Benzoic Acid and Lettucenin A in the Defense Response of Lettuce against Soil-Borne Pathogens

Saskia Windisch et al.

Summary: The study identified benzoic acid and lettucenin A as defense compounds against Rhizoctonia solani and Olpidium virulentus in lettuce. Benzoic acid was released as root exudate, inhibiting R. solani growth and mitigating growth suppression and root damage in lettuce. Lettucenin A acted as a phytoalexin, accumulating locally in affected plant tissues upon infection.

PLANTS-BASEL (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Rice contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of the casbane-type diterpenoid phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin

Jin Liang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the biosynthesis of ent-10-oxodepressin in rice, identifying the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) on chromosome 7 and key enzymes involved in the pathway. Knockout of OsECBS resulted in impaired resistance to the rice fungal blast pathogen, providing potential targets for molecular breeding.

NEW PHYTOLOGIST (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Identification of methoxylchalcones produced in response to CuCl2 treatment and pathogen infection in barley

Naoki Ube et al.

Summary: In barley leaves treated with CuCl2 as an elicitor or inoculated with Bipolaris sorokiniana, new specialized metabolites accumulated, including methoxylchalcones and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), which exhibited antifungal activity. LC-MS analysis and spectroscopic identification were used to confirm the presence of these compounds in the leaves.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

PAL-mediated SA biosynthesis pathway contributes to nematode resistance in wheat

Haili Zhang et al.

Summary: AevPAL1 helps to confer CCN resistance by affecting the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and downstream secondary metabolites. The silencing of AevPAL1 increased the incidence of CCN infection in roots and decreased the accumulation of SA and phenylalanine (Phe)-derived specialized metabolites. These results suggest that AevPAL1, possibly in coordination with AevTDC1, positively contributes to CCN resistance in Ae. variabilis.

PLANT JOURNAL (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal the induction of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in the interaction of Stylosanthes-Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Lingyan Jiang et al.

Summary: Our study demonstrates that stylo plants combat Colletotrichum gloeosporioides by up-regulating genes and compounds in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, potentially providing targets for resistance breeding.

GENOMICS (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Transcription factor BZR2 activates chitinase Cht20.2 transcription to confer resistance to wheat stripe rust

Xingxuan Bai et al.

Summary: TaBZR2 plays a key role in regulating the response to the brassinosteroid pathway in wheat, enhancing resistance by activating the transcription of the chitinase gene TaCht20.2. This suggests that TaBZR2 provides broad-spectrum resistance to the stripe rust fungus in wheat by increasing total chitinase activity.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Peroxisomes as redox-signaling nodes in intracellular communication and stress responses

Luisa M. Sandalio et al.

Summary: Peroxisomes, originating from the endoplasmic reticulum, house metabolic pathways involving the production of reactive oxygen species to avoid toxicity to other organelles. They play diverse roles in cell functionality and respond to environmental changes. Peroxisomes play a key role in metabolic regulation, signaling, and organelle crosstalk.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Arabidopsis UGT76B1 glycosylates N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid and inactivates systemic acquired resistance in tomato

Eric C. Holmes et al.

Summary: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants is modulated by the glycosylation of N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP) and salicylic acid by UGT76B1, enhancing defense responses to bacterial pathogens. The presence of UGT76B1 increases plant resistance to pathogens.

PLANT CELL (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The chemical diversity and biological activities of phytoalexins

Gizachew Kassahun Bizuneh

Summary: Phytoalexins are low molecular weight antimicrobial compounds produced by plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are important components in plant defense mechanisms and have various activities that promote human health.

ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Metabolomics as an Emerging Tool for the Study of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Fernanda R. Castro-Moretti et al.

METABOLITES (2020)

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Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis in Plants

Hannes Lefevere et al.

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Phenylalanine ammonia lyases mediate broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens and insect pests in plants

Xiaoman You et al.

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Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Level on the Metabolic Response of Resistant and Susceptible Wheat to Fusarium graminearum Infection

Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf et al.

MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (2019)

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Induction of phenolic compounds by UV and PAR is modulated by leaf ontogeny and barley genotype

Petr Holub et al.

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Abdul Razzaq et al.

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Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids

Ireneusz Gorniak et al.

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Role of primary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens

Madiha Zaynab et al.

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Antioxidant potential of barley genotypes inoculated with five different pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei

Prabhjot Singla et al.

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Ethan J. Andersen et al.

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Tian-yang Wang et al.

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Highly Active and Specific Tyrosine Ammonia-Lyases from Diverse Origins Enable Enhanced Production of Aromatic Compounds in Bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Melatonin as a signal molecule triggering defense responses against pathogen attack in Arabidopsis and tobacco

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The role of the cell wall in plant immunity

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants

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Diversity in plant systemic resistance induced by Trichoderma

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Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid activate a common defense system in rice

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Biochemical Changes in the Leaves of Wheat Plants Infected by Pyricularia oryzae

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Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: Location and functional significance

Giovanni Agati et al.

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Antioxidant enzyme responses of plants to heavy metal stress

Anwesha M. Bhaduri et al.

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Ishita Ahuja et al.

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Polyamines: Natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants

Syed Sarfraz Hussain et al.

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Identity, regulation, and activity of inducible diterpenoid phytoalexins in maize

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Stress-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and the antioxidant machinery of plants

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Sekiguchi Lesion Gene Encodes a Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase That Catalyzes Conversion of Tryptamine to Serotonin in Rice

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Predicting Arabidopsis Freezing Tolerance and Heterosis in Freezing Tolerance from Metabolite Composition

Marina Korn et al.

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Phytoalexin Accumulation in the Interaction Between Rice and the Blast Fungus

Morifumi Hasegawa et al.

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Tissue-Adapted Invasion Strategies of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

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Involvement of the elicitor-induced gene OsWRKY53 in the expression of defense-related genes in rice

Tetsuya Chuio et al.

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The metabolic signature related to high plant growth rate in Arabidopsis thaliana

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The rolB gene-induced overproduction of resveratrol in Vitis amurensis transformed cells

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Antioxidant systems in sunflower as affected by oxalic acid

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β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities and the resistance response of wheat to leaf rust

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Substrate specificity and antifungal activity of recombinant tobacco class I chitinases

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A recombination hotspot delimits a wild-species quantitative trait locus for tomato sugar content to 484 bp within an invertase gene

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