Association of age-related decrease in intracellular-to-total water ratio with that in explosive strength of the plantar flexors: a cross-sectional study

Background We aimed to investigate the association of age-related differences in the intracellular-to-total water ratio with explosive strength of the plantar flexors. Methods A total of 60 young (21-33 years) and older (64-83 years) individuals were recruited. Intracellular- (ICW) and total-water (TW) content within the right leg was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy as indicators of muscle cell mass and whole muscle mass within the segment, respectively. ICW divided by TW (ICW/TW) was calculated as an index of the occupancy of muscle cells within whole muscle. Rate of torque development (RTD) and electromyography (EMG) activity during maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion were measured as indicators of explosive muscle strength and neuromuscular activity, respectively. RTD was calculated from three time windows of 0-50, 50-100, and 100-200 ms. Time-to-peak torque (TPT) was assessed from evoked twitch contraction. Results Compared with young participants, older participants showed lower ICW/TW (-7%, P < 0.001), RTD (-25 to -40%, P = 0.003 to 0.001), and longer TPT (+11%, P < 0.001). ICW/TW associated positively with RTD (r = 0.377 to 0.408, P = 0.004 to 0.001) and negatively with TPT (r = -0.392, P = 0.002), but not with EMG activity. RTD was associated positively with EMG for each time window (r = 0.527 to 0.607, P < 0.001). Conclusions These results indicate that ICW/TW may be a useful predictor of the age-related decrease in RTD, and that the decrease in ICW/TW with age may reflect age-associated changes in intrinsic contractile properties.

Automated summary

The association between age-related differences in the intracellular-to-total water ratio and explosive strength of the plantar flexors was investigated. Older participants showed lower intracellular-to-total water ratio, rate of torque development, and longer time-to-peak torque compared to young participants. The intracellular-to-total water ratio was positively associated with rate of torque development and negatively associated with time-to-peak torque, but not with electromyography activity. Rate of torque development was positively associated with electromyography activity. These findings suggest that the intracellular-to-total water ratio may be a useful predictor of age-related decrease in explosive strength and reflects changes in intrinsic contractile properties.