☆ 4.8 Review

Molnupiravir and Its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern

Laura Vangeel et al.

Summary: Remdesivir and its parent nucleoside, molnupiravir and its parent nucleoside, and the viral protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir have equipotent antiviral activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV2 strain and the variants of concern including Omicron.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2022)

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is highly sensitive to molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and the combination

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Comparison of viral RNA-host protein interactomes across pathogenic RNA viruses informs rapid antiviral drug discovery for SARS-CoV-2

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Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization

Delphine Planas et al.

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift

Elisabetta Cameroni et al.

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns due to its 37 amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), leading to increased binding affinity with human ACE2. Neutralizing activity against Omicron was greatly reduced in convalescent and vaccinated individuals compared to the ancestral virus, but this decrease was less significant after a third vaccine dose. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved RBD epitopes may be crucial in combating the Omicron variant and future zoonotic transmissions.

NATURE (2022)

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Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization

Sandile Cele et al.

Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.

NATURE (2022)

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Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies

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Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.

NATURE (2022)

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Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2

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Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients

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Summary: This study found that early treatment with molnupiravir reduced the risk of hospitalization or death in at-risk, unvaccinated adults with Covid-19.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

A phase 2a clinical trial of molnupiravir in patients with COVID-19 shows accelerated SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance and elimination of infectious virus

William A. Fischer et al.

Summary: In a clinical trial, the safety, tolerability, and antiviral efficacy of molnupiravir were evaluated in unvaccinated individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study found that participants receiving high-dose molnupiravir had a shorter time to viral RNA clearance and a lower detection rate of infectious virus. Molnupiravir was well tolerated across all doses.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

An updated practical guideline on use of molnupiravir and comparison with agents having emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19

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Summary: Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral drug that has received emergency use authorization in the USA, UK, and India. Recent studies have shown that it can significantly reduce the risk of hospitalization or death in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Molnupiravir is comparatively cheaper than other agents and can be an effective option for treating COVID-19, but it needs to be used within 5 days of symptom onset.

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Shasha Li et al.

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Early use of nitazoxanide in mild COVID-19 disease: randomised, placebo-controlled trial

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Summary: In patients with mild COVID-19, there was no difference in symptom resolution between nitazoxanide and placebo groups after 5 days of treatment, but early nitazoxanide therapy significantly reduced viral load.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2021)

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Summary: With the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, there is limited evidence on their efficacy and safety for immunocompromised individuals, including those with inflammatory bowel diseases. Drawing from experiences with other vaccines or immune-mediated inflammatory disorders can help address questions on the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination.

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Goran Kokic et al.

Summary: Remdesivir is the only FDA-approved drug for treating COVID-19 patients, working by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of coronaviruses. It hinders RNA synthesis and impairs proofreading by the viral 3'-exonuclease, leading to a stalled replication process.

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Development and validation of assays for the quantification of beta-D-N-4-hydroxycytidine in human plasma and beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine-triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cell lysates

Teresa L. Parsons et al.

Summary: The novel antiviral prodrug molnupiravir is being evaluated for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Sensitive and accurate bioanalytical methods are required to characterize the pharmacokinetics of NHC and NHCtp in clinical trials.

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES (2021)

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Therapeutically administered ribonucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets

Robert M. Cox et al.

Summary: Treating SARS-CoV-2-infected ferrets with nucleoside analogue MK-4482/EIDD-2801 reduced viral load and suppressed virus spread. This therapeutic approach shows promise in breaking transmission chains of the COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Human Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Molnupiravir, a Novel Broad-Spectrum Oral Antiviral Agent with Activity against SARS-CoV-2

Wendy P. Painter et al.

Summary: Molnupiravir showed rapid appearance and dose-proportional increase in plasma, with good tolerability in healthy volunteers. The study evaluated single and multiple doses of molnupiravir and the impact of food on pharmacokinetics in subjects, showing no accumulation following multiple doses and a decrease in absorption rate when administered with food, but no decrease in overall exposure.

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Steven S. Good et al.

Summary: AT-527, an oral antiviral drug, has potent activity against various coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. In vitro experiments have shown that AT-511 has high efficacy in inhibiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2, with minimal cytotoxicity. Studies suggest that AT-527 may be an effective treatment option for COVID-19.

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Discovery, Development, and Patent Trends on Molnupiravir: A Prospective Oral Treatment for COVID-19

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SARS-CoV-2 infection is effectively treated and prevented by EIDD-2801

Angela Wahl et al.

Summary: The study suggests that bats may be the source of coronaviruses that can be directly transmitted to humans. Using the LoM model, efficient replication of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and two SARS-like bat coronaviruses in human lung tissue was demonstrated. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 predominantly targets human lung epithelial cells and induces a sustained inflammatory response. The broad-spectrum antiviral agent EIDD-2801 significantly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vivo, showing potential for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

NATURE (2021)

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Plitidepsin has potent preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein eEF1A

Kris M. White et al.

Summary: The study revealed that plitidepsin possesses potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, more effective than the approved drug remdesivir. By inhibiting the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A, plitidepsin can significantly reduce viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of mice, making it a promising candidate for COVID-19 treatment.

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Britton Boras et al.

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Oral prodrug of remdesivir parent GS-441524 is efficacious against SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets

Robert M. Cox et al.

Summary: Remdesivir is an antiviral drug approved for COVID-19 treatment, but its intravenous administration limits wider use. A study has shown that GS-621763, an oral prodrug of remdesivir parent nucleoside GS-441524, has good oral bioavailability and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern in ferrets, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy in a relevant animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Developing a direct acting, orally available antiviral agent in a pandemic: the evolution of molnupiravir as a potential treatment for COVID-19

George R. Painter et al.

Summary: Although vaccines are available, there is still a critical need for antiviral drugs with potent activity against SARS-CoV-2, especially for immunosuppressed individuals and emerging variants. Molnupiravir evolved from preclinical development for influenza to a potential COVID-19 treatment, with the development timeline accelerated significantly to focus on coronavirus infections. Collaboration with regulatory authorities in real time played a key role in expediting the program.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2021)

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Summary: This review provides the latest research progress on SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern, discussing key mutation sites and their impact on virus infectivity, mortality, and immune escape. The effects of various clinical SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and convalescent sera on epidemic variants, as well as the neutralizing capability of several antibodies on these variants, are also compared and evaluated in this review.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Camostat mesylate therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

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The combined treatment of Molnupiravir and Favipiravir results in a potentiation of antiviral efficacy in a SARS-CoV-2 hamster infection model

Rana Abdelnabi et al.

Summary: The combination of Molnupiravir and Favipiravir demonstrated a significant antiviral effect in a Syrian hamster model infected with SARS-CoV-2, reducing infectious virus titers in the lungs and preventing transmission to co-housed untreated sentinels. Mutation frequency in the viral RNA recovered from the lungs of treated animals increased, with a higher frequency of C-to-T mutations observed in the combo treatment group, explaining the pronounced antiviral potency of the combination.

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Molnupiravir promotes SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis via the RNA template

Calvin J. Gordon et al.

Summary: The study found that Molnupiravir or NHC can increase the mutation frequencies in replicating coronaviruses, leading to enhanced antiviral effects; NHC-TP primarily competes with CTP for incorporation, resulting in RNA mutations; Biochemical data support a mechanism of action of Molnupiravir that is primarily based on RNA mutagenesis mediated via the template strand.

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β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Through Lethal Mutagenesis But Is Also Mutagenic To Mammalian Cells

Shuntai Zhou et al.

Summary: Mutagenic ribonucleosides can serve as broad-spectrum antiviral agents, but may pose risks to the host due to their host mutagenic activity in addition to antiviral activity.

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Molnupiravir-A Novel Oral Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agent

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Summary: Molnupiravir, an oral antiviral agent, has shown significant efficacy in treating COVID-19. Clinical trials have demonstrated its potential importance in treating COVID-19 patients and preventing virus transmission.

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Ezgi Hacisuleyman et al.

Summary: Despite evidence of vaccine efficacy, two fully vaccinated individuals developed mild symptoms of Covid-19 and were infected with variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sequencing of the virus isolates revealed novel mutations, highlighting the potential risk of illness post-vaccination and subsequent infection with variant virus. Efforts to prevent, diagnose, and characterize variants in vaccinated individuals are crucial.

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Awadhesh Kumar Singh et al.

Summary: Molnupiravir has shown significant benefits in reducing hospitalization or death in mild COVID-19 cases, making it a potential important tool in combating SARSCoV-2. However, its efficacy in moderate to severe COVID-19 remains uncertain, requiring further studies for clarification.

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Considerations for the discovery and development of 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 infection

Koen Vandyck et al.

Summary: This article reviews first-generation SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors PF-07304814, GC-376, and CDI-45205, which are currently being delivered either by injection or inhalation due to their low intrinsic oral bioavailability. Additionally, PF-07321332 is emerging as a promising second-generation clinical candidate for oral delivery. A key challenge in the development of novel 3CLpro inhibitors is the poor understanding of the predictive value of in vitro potency towards clinical efficacy, complicated by the involvement of host proteases in virus entry. Further preclinical and clinical validation will be crucial in establishing 3CLpro inhibitors as a bona fide class for future SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics for both hospitalized and outpatient populations.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2021)

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Progress Toward a Large-Scale Synthesis of Molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801) from Cytidine

Grace P. Ahlqvist et al.

Summary: A supply-centered and chromatography-free synthesis of molnupiravir from cytidine has been successfully described, with an improved overall isolated yield compared to the patented route; this new route has the potential to reduce the production cost of the drug.

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Isabela Gomes Ribeiro et al.

Summary: The study analyzed the kinetics profiles of serum biomarkers in HCV patients treated with DAAs, showing distinct changes in biomarker production during treatment. Factors such as high ALT, low platelet count, and cirrhosis status at baseline were associated with delayed immune response shift and kinetics of baseline fold changes in serum biomarkers. These findings provided novel evidence for the immunological restoration process triggered by DAAs.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2021)

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A cell-based assay to discover inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Jianyuan Zhao et al.

Summary: Antiviral therapeutics are crucial in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, and a cell-based assay for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp has been developed to evaluate the efficacy of nucleotide analog inhibitors and their resistance to viral exoribonuclease-mediated proofreading. Molnupiravir and Remdesivir showed strong inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, with Molnupiravir demonstrating the lowest EC50 value and Remdesivir having the highest resistance to exoribonuclease activity.

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A robust SARS-CoV-2 replication model in primary human epithelial cells at the air liquid interface to assess antiviral agents

Thuc Nguyen Dan Do et al.

Summary: In this study, using in vitro models of human airway epithelial cells, it was found that remdesivir, GS-441524, EIDD-1931, and IFN showed dose-dependent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication, while AT-511 did not inhibit viral replication as expected. These results provide a reference for further screening of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

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Summary: COVID-19, declared a global pandemic in 2020, has led to a rapid increase in mortality and morbidity rates with limited medications, prompting the urgent need for therapeutic solutions. While some antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs have been authorized by the FDA for COVID-19 treatment, the potential drug-drug interactions highlight the necessity for individualized treatment approaches to enhance safety and efficacy amidst the ongoing pandemic.

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Article Infectious Diseases

Optimal dose and safety of molnupiravir in patients with early SARS-CoV-2: a Phase I, open-label, dose-escalating, randomized controlled study

Saye H. Khoo et al.

Summary: The study found that molnupiravir is safe and well tolerated in treating early COVID-19 patients. A dose of 800mg twice daily for 5 days was recommended for Phase II evaluation.

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Decoding molnupiravir-induced mutagenesis in SARS-CoV-2

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Summary: Molnupiravir can be incorporated into viral RNA and used as template for RNA synthesis, leading to error catastrophe in SARS-CoV-2.

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Article Immunology

Molnupiravir Inhibits Replication of the Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in a Hamster Infection Model

Rana Abdelnabi et al.

Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern has worsened the COVID-19 pandemic, with current monoclonal antibodies and vaccines showing reduced efficacy against some of these variants. However, antivirals targeting conserved proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are likely to remain effective. Research on molnupiravir has shown effectiveness against different variants, highlighting its potential in combating current and future variants.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis

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Summary: Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral drug candidate that increases viral RNA mutations frequency and inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 by altering the substrate preference of RdRp. This two-step mutagenesis mechanism can explain the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of molnupiravir, making it a promising COVID-19 treatment option.

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Article Immunology

Artemether, Artesunate, Arteannuin B, Echinatin, Licochalcone B and Andrographolide Effectively Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and Related Viruses In Vitro

Yunjia Hu et al.

Summary: Since the first reported case of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, COVID-19 has caused serious deaths and a global pandemic, with many new variants appearing during continuous transmission. Traditional Chinese medicine has played a significant role in epidemic prevention and clinical treatment in China. Research identified six monomer compounds from traditional Chinese medicine with excellent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, providing insights for further research and clinical applications.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Favipiravir and COVID-19: A Simplified Summary

Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the clinical trials studying the efficacy and safety of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19, highlighting it as a potential treatment option for the novel coronavirus infection.

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Article Immunology

The in vitro antiviral activity of lactoferrin against common human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 is mediated by targeting the heparan sulfate co-receptor

Yanmei Hu et al.

Summary: The study highlights the important role of HSPGs in SARS-CoV-2 cell attachment, and demonstrates the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of LF against various coronaviruses, especially with BLF being more potent than HLF. BLF binds to HSPGs to block viral attachment, and its antiviral activity can be antagonized by the HSPG mimetic heparin. Combination therapy experiment shows synergistic effect of LF with remdesivir in cell culture.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

An update of anti-viral treatment of COVID-19

Serap Simsek Yavuz et al.

Summary: Monoclonal antibodies appear to be the most effective treatment for COVID-19 based on available evidence, while drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, merimepodib, and umifenovir have been found to be ineffective. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of other potential treatments for COVID-19.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

New Flu Antiviral Candidate May Thwart Drug Resistance

Tracy Hampton

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Next-generation direct-acting influenza therapeutics

Mart Toots et al.

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Repurposing of clinically approved drugs for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 in a 2019-novel coronavirus-related coronavirus model

Hua-Hao Fan et al.

CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) A Review

James M. Sanders et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19

Zhen Zhu et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice

Timothy P. Sheahan et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Virology

Clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from a designated hospital in Beijing, China

Lijun Sun et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Quantitative efficacy paradigms of the influenza clinical drug candidate EIDD-2801 in the ferret model

Mart Toots et al.

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial

Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial

Yeming Wang et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Immunology

Interferon-α2b Treatment for COVID-19

Qiong Zhou et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19

B. Cao et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Interferon β-1a in Treatment of Severe COVID-19

Effat Davoudi-Monfared et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Boceprevir, GC-376, and calpain inhibitors II, XII inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication by targeting the viral main protease

Chunlong Ma et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection A Randomized Clinical Trial

Mayla Gabriela Silva Borba et al.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Human recombinant soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19

Alexander Zoufaly et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Fluvoxamine vs Placebo and Clinical Deterioration in Outpatients With Symptomatic COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial

Eric J. Lenze et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Therapy for Early COVID-19 A Critical Need

Peter S. Kim et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Global discovery of human-infective RNA viruses: A modelling analysis

Feifei Zhang et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2020)

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Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The effect of whey protein on viral infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronavirus in vitro

Huahao Fan et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Versatile and multivalent nanobodies efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV-2

Yufei Xiang et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Organic

A High-Yielding Synthesis of EIDD-2801 from Uridine**

Alexander Steiner et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Virology

Nucleoside analogues for the treatment of coronavirus infections

Andrea J. Pruijssers et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2019)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The prophylactic and therapeutic activity of a broadly active ribonucleoside analog in a murine model of intranasal venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection

George R. Painter et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Virology

Small-Molecule Antiviral β-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance

Maria L. Agostini et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Characterization of orally efficacious influenza drug with high resistance barrier in ferrets and human airway epithelia

Mart Toots et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Virology

β-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine Is a Potent Anti-alphavirus Compound That Induces a High Level of Mutations in the Viral Genome

Nadya Urakova et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Orally Efficacious Broad-Spectrum Ribonucleoside Analog Inhibitor of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses

Jeong-Joong Yoon et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2018)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

A critical appraisal of the sensitivity of in vivo genotoxicity assays in detecting human carcinogens

Andreas Zeller et al.

MUTAGENESIS (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Epidemiological characteristics of human-infective RNA viruses

Mark E. J. Woolhouse et al.

SCIENTIFIC DATA (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Characterization of β-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine as a Novel Inhibitor of Chikungunya Virus

Maryam Ehteshami et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2017)

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Review Microbiology

Neurological Sequelae Resulting from Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection

Shannon E. Ronca et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Immunology

Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses

Mark E. J. Woolhouse et al.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2016)

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Article Virology

Identification of a New Ribonucleoside Inhibitor of Ebola Virus Replication

Olivier Reynard et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2015)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Latin America

Jean-Paul Carrera et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2013)

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Review Medical Laboratory Technology

Biochemistry of uridine in plasma

Tetsuya Yamamoto et al.

CLINICA CHIMICA ACTA (2011)

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Article Microbiology

Inhibition of human coronavirus NL63 infection at early stages of the replication cycle

Krzysztof Pyrc et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2006)

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Article Microbiology

Ribonucleoside analogue that blocks replication of bovine viral diarrhea and hepatitis C viruses in culture

LJ Stuyver et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2003)

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