期刊
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
卷 291, 期 18, 页码 9425-9437出版社
AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M115.708958
关键词
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资金
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazil
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento do Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Brazil
- Fundacion Carolina, Spain
- Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad [BIO2011-25039, BIO2014-52872-R]
- Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain [2014-SGR-938]
- FEDER funds, Spain
Early metazoans had to evolve the first cell adhesion mechanism addressed to maintain a distinctive multicellular morphology. As the oldest extant animals, sponges are good candidates for possessing remnants of the molecules responsible for this crucial evolutionary innovation. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by the calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharides components of extracellular membrane-bound proteoglycans, namely aggregation factors. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to demonstrate that the aggregation factor of the sponge Desmapsamma anchorata has a circular supramolecular structure and that it thus belongs to the spongican family. Its sulfated polysaccharide units, which were characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, consist preponderantly of a central backbone composed of 3-alpha-Glc1 units partially sulfated at 2-and 4-positions and branches of Pyr(4,6)alpha-Gal1 -> 3-alpha-Fuc2(SO3)1 -> 3-alpha-Glc4(SO3) 1 -> 3-alpha-Glc -> 4-linked to the central alpha-Glc units. Single-molecule force measurements of self-binding forces of this sulfated polysaccharide and their chemically desulfated and carboxyl-reduced derivatives revealed that the sulfate epitopes and extracellular calcium are essential for providing the strength and stability necessary to sustain cell adhesion in sponges. We further discuss these findings within the framework of the role of molecular structures in the early evolution of metazoans.
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