A Review of Cyanophage-Host Relationships: Highlighting Cyanophages as a Potential Cyanobacteria Control Strategy

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are naturally occurring phenomena, and cyanobacteria are the most commonly occurring HABs in freshwater systems. Cyanobacteria HABs (cyanoHABs) negatively affect ecosystems and drinking water resources through the production of potent toxins. Furthermore, the frequency, duration, and distribution of cyanoHABs are increasing, and conditions that favor cyanobacteria growth are predicted to increase in the coming years. Current methods for mitigating cyanoHABs are generally short-lived and resource-intensive, and have negative impacts on non-target species. Cyanophages (viruses that specifically target cyanobacteria) have the potential to provide a highly specific control strategy with minimal impacts on non-target species and propagation in the environment. A detailed review (primarily up to 2020) of cyanophage lifecycle, diversity, and factors influencing infectivity is provided in this paper, along with a discussion of cyanophage and host cyanobacteria relationships for seven prominent cyanoHAB-forming genera in North America, including: Synechococcus, Microcystis, Dolichospermum, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Planktothrix, and Lyngbya. Lastly, factors affecting the potential application of cyanophages as a cyanoHAB control strategy are discussed, including efficacy considerations, optimization, and scalability for large-scale applications.

Automated summary

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), especially cyanobacteria HABs (cyanoHABs), have negative impacts on ecosystems and drinking water resources. Current methods for mitigating cyanoHABs are limited and have negative impacts on non-target species. Cyanophages, viruses specifically targeting cyanobacteria, have the potential to provide a specific control strategy with minimal impacts on non-target species. This paper provides a detailed review of cyanophage lifecycle, diversity, and factors influencing infectivity, and discusses the relationships between cyanophages and prominent cyanoHAB-forming genera. Factors affecting the potential application of cyanophages as a cyanoHAB control strategy are also discussed.