Formulation and characterization of a novel anti-human endometrial cancer supplement by gold nanoparticles green-synthesized using Spinacia oleracea L. Leaf aqueous extract

Gold nanoparticles as one of the productions of the chemistry field have a special place in the cure of many diseases. Many experiences in medicinal researches have indicated that the plants enhance the anticancer effects of gold nanoparticles. According to the above contents, we investigated the capacities of Spinacia oleracea L. leaf aqueous extract green-mediated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a modern chemotherapeutic material in treating endometrial cancer. The physicochemical characterization tests including UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Field (FT-IR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used for investigating the physicochemical properties of AuNPs. To survey the antioxidant potentials of AuNPs, one of the common antioxidant techniques i.e., DPPH was used. Determination of anti-endometrial cancer effects of AuNPs was carried out by the MTT assay and against Ishikawa, KLE, HEC-1-A, and HEC-1-B cell lines. The physicochemical characterization analyses revealed that the AuNPs had been formulated as the best possible. The results of the DPPH test confirmed excellent antioxidant properties of AuNPs in comparison to the butylated hydroxytoluene. The AuNPs IC50 was 194 mg/ mL in the antioxidant test. The results of the MTT assay confirmed removing Ishikawa, KLE, HEC-1-A, and HEC-1-B cell lines after treating with low concentrations of AuNPs. The IC50 of the AuNPs was 341, 335, 316, and 325 mg/mL against Ishikawa, KLE, HEC-1-A, and HEC-1-B cell lines, respectively. The best finding of anti-endometrial cancer potentials was determined in the HEC-1-A cell line. According to the above results, significant anti-endometrial cancer effects of Au nanoparticles green-mediated by S. oleracea leaf extract are confirmed. It is offered that the studies of the clinical trial are performed for approving the above findings in humans. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study explored the potential of Spinacia oleracea L. leaf aqueous extract green-mediated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Through a series of experiments and tests, it was found that the AuNPs had good physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties, and showed significant inhibitory effects on endometrial cancer cell lines. The importance of S. oleracea leaf extract-mediated AuNPs as an anti-endometrial cancer material was validated.