期刊
ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS
卷 12, 期 18, 页码 -出版社
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202200208
关键词
anodes; hard carbon; hydrothermal carbonization; sodium-ion storage; sustainable batteries
类别
资金
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/R021554/2, EP/S018204/2]
- RAEng Chair in Emerging Technologies
- Science and Technology Facilities Council Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Batteries Network [ST/R006873/1]
- China Scholarship Council
- Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual European Fellowship
This study successfully synthesized high-performance hard carbon anodes through a combination of hydrothermal carbonization pre-treatment and high-temperature carbonization. The structure and sodium-ion storage mechanism of the anodes were investigated, and the environmental impacts of hydrothermal pre-treatment and direct carbonization were evaluated. It was found that hydrothermal pre-treatment improves electrochemical performance, increases carbon yields, and reduces carbon emissions.
Sodium-ion batteries as a prospective alternative to lithium-ion batteries are facing the challenge of developing high-performance, low-cost and sustainable anode materials. Hard carbons are appropriate to store sodium ions, but major energy and environmental concerns during their fabrication process (i.e., high-temperature carbonization) have not been properly assessed. Furthermore, the rational design of high-performing hard carbon anodes is usually limited by the conventional direct carbonization of organic precursors. Here, the hydrothermal carbonization process is employed as a versatile pre-treatment method of renewable precursors, followed by high-temperature carbonization, for producing advanced hard carbon anodes. The critical role of hydrothermal pre-treatment in regulating the structure for an optimized performance of hard carbon anodes is elucidated, while revealing the sodium-ion storage mechanism using electrochemical kinetic calculations, advanced characterization and multi-scale modeling. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of hydrothermal pre-treatment and subsequent carbonization are evaluated using life cycle assessment compared to direct carbonization. By comparing hard carbon anodes with and without the hydrothermal pre-treatment, it is verified that the additional hydrothermal process is responsible for enhanced electrochemical performance, increased carbon yields and reduced carbon emissions. The work provides a systematic understanding of functions and energy consumptions of hydrothermal systems to achieve next-generation sustainable sodium-ion batteries.
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