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Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Editorial Material
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Duane R. Wesemann
Summary: Three studies in this issue of Cell confirm that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron effectively evades key immune defense-neutralizing antibodies. However, one or two doses of vaccine fail to induce anti-Omicron neutralizing antibodies, whereas a homologous third-dose booster restores neutralization function to some extent, highlighting the adaptability of immune memory to extend antibody reach across SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Review
Microbiology
Aakriti Dubey et al.
Summary: The sudden rise in COVID-19 cases in 2020 and the emergence of fast-spreading variants have created a worrisome situation worldwide. New variants with mutations that outcompete existing circulating variants are frequently reported, raising concerns about the efficacy of vaccines, increased transmissibility, immune escape, and diagnostic failures. Although not yet validated, it is believed that SARS-CoV-2 is acquiring new mutations to gain a fitness advantage for rapid transmission or to overcome immune resistance. Significant evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed since its first appearance in 2019, but the impacts of these mutations in many variants have not been analyzed. This article provides a comprehensive review of the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, key mutations in the viral genome, and the possible impacts on current prevention and therapeutic strategies.
CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Caroline Maslo et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sue Ann Costa Clemens et al.
Summary: A study was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose of heterologous or homologous vaccines in Brazilian adults who had previously received two doses of CoronaVac. The results showed that a third dose of heterologous vaccines (recombinant adenoviral vectored vaccine or mRNA vaccine) significantly increased immune responses and could improve protection against infection.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Arabella S. Stuart et al.
Summary: The study investigated the mixed use of different COVID-19 vaccines within the same schedule, showing that in certain conditions, heterologous vaccination can achieve similar immunogenicity to homologous vaccination, facilitating rapid global vaccine deployment.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juan Manuel Carreno et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in South Africa and Botswana in November 2021, has rapidly spread globally with high transmissibility. It has an unprecedented number of mutations in its spike gene, leading to immune escape and reduced vaccine efficacy. The neutralizing and binding activity against Omicron varies among individuals with different vaccination and infection histories.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Raquel Viana et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in southern Africa has experienced three distinct waves, driven by different variants. The recently identified Omicron variant has rapidly spread in South Africa and to numerous countries, raising global concern.
News Item
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ewen Callaway
Summary: Early studies indicate that the BA.2 lineage may contribute to the prolongation of the Omicron wave.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Henning Gruell et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is greatly reduced in individuals who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine or have recovered from the disease, but is significantly increased after a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yu Gao et al.
Summary: This study found that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against the Omicron variant. Additionally, T cells induced by BNT162b2 vaccination exhibit higher cross-reactivity to the Omicron variant compared to T cells induced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Samuel M. S. Cheng et al.
Summary: Specific antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant decrease significantly after two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines, but can be markedly increased with a booster dose of BNT162b2. Individuals who previously received two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac showed reduced serum antibody titers against Omicron, while a BNT162b2 booster dose increased the antibody levels in the majority of individuals. This suggests mRNA vaccine boosters may be necessary in countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines to combat the spread of Omicron.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Eddy Perez-Then et al.
Summary: The study found that a BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster can enhance neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant in individuals who received two doses of the CoronaVac vaccine, but antibody titers remain lower compared to the ancestral virus and the Delta variant.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Annika Roessler et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Respiratory System
Chris Ka Pun Mok et al.
Summary: The study found that vaccination with BNT162b2 induces significantly stronger humoral immune responses than CoronaVac. Additionally, BNT162b2 vaccine recipients had higher levels of antibody protection threshold. Age was negatively correlated with antibody levels post-vaccination. Both vaccines induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses, but CoronaVac elicited higher levels of structural protein-specific T-cell responses.
Article
Immunology
Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Harold Marcotte et al.
Summary: This study monitored the immune response in COVID-19 patients up to 15 months after symptom onset. It found that the IgG antibody response and plasma neutralizing titers gradually decreased over time but stabilized after 6 months. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B and T cells persisted in the majority of patients up to 15 months, but there was a significant decrease in specific T cells between 6 and 15 months. Some variants of concern may partially escape the neutralizing activity of plasma antibodies.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Ivana Knezevic et al.
Summary: This article introduces the WHO Antibody Standards for SARS-CoV-2 and focuses on their application in evaluating the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines. The use of these standards facilitates comparison of assay results conducted in different countries and contributes to a better understanding of the immune response.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Matthew Gagne et al.
Summary: This study shows that both mRNA-1273 and mRNA-Omicron generate comparable immunity and protection after booster doses, and are able to neutralize the Omicron variant.
Article
Immunology
Anu Haveri et al.
Summary: The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has raised concerns about neutralization escape and breakthrough infections. Researchers found that healthcare workers who received three doses of the vaccine had high levels of neutralizing antibodies, while the elderly had lower levels and some lacked antibodies against the Beta and Omicron variants. Previously infected subjects who received one mRNA vaccine dose had variable levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, but the levels against Omicron were barely detectable after one month.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jiahui Chen et al.
Summary: The BA.2 subvariant of the Omicron variant shows increased infectivity and vaccine escape capability, making it likely to become the next dominant variant and posing a serious threat to existing monoclonal antibodies.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Roanne Keeton et al.
Summary: Despite reduced neutralizing antibody activity, T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection can cross-recognize the Omicron variant and provide protection.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Jingyou Yu et al.
Summary: Although immunity from two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine diminishes over time, a booster dose significantly enhances the neutralizing antibodies against both the BA.1 and BA.2 variants.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Yannic C. Bartsch et al.
Summary: Despite evading neutralizing antibodies, the Omicron variant does not increase death rates in highly vaccinated populations, suggesting the presence of immune mechanisms beyond antibody-mediated virus neutralization. Vaccine-induced Spike protein-specific antibodies continue to drive Fc effector functions, indicating the potential of extraneutralizing antibodies in disease control.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Editorial Material
Infectious Diseases
Angalee Nadesalingam et al.
Article
Microbiology
Zhuoming Liu et al.
Summary: The study found that antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have escape mutations, different monoclonal antibodies have unique resistance profiles, some mutants are resistant to multiple antibodies while some variants can escape neutralization by convalescent sera. Comparing antibody-mediated mutations with circulating SARS-CoV-2 sequences revealed substitutions that may weaken neutralizing immune responses in some individuals, warranting further investigation.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Martina E McMenamin et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Max Kozlov
News Item
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Smriti Mallapaty
News Item
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Heidi Ledford
Summary: As cases of the coronavirus variant continue to spread, researchers are eagerly awaiting crucial data on the severity of the disease to assist countries in planning their response.
Article
Microbiology
Chris Davis et al.
Summary: Vaccines have proven to be effective in controlling hospitalisation and deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the emergence of viral variants with novel antigenic profiles raises concerns. Serum from vaccine recipients showed reduced neutralisation against SARS-CoV-2 variants like B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.351. The BNT162b2 vaccine induced higher neutralising antibody titres compared to the ChAdOx1 vaccine, but both vaccines showed decreased efficacy against certain variants.
Review
Immunology
Aisha Fakhroo et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a devastating threat to social life and economics, with the rise in active cases attributed to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants. While reinfection cases worldwide have been limited, most reinfected patients were asymptomatic, and the reasons for reinfection included immunological factors. Vaccines have shown effectiveness in preventing severe illness from different variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Joana Barros-Martins et al.
Summary: A study found that booster vaccination with BNT162b2 in healthcare professionals previously vaccinated with ChAdOx-1 nCoV-19 elicited more neutralizing antibodies and higher frequencies of virus-specific T cells. Additionally, BNT162b2 induced high titers of neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Angela Choi et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that both the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine and its variant-modified booster doses are safe and effective in improving neutralizing antibody titers against various virus variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kathryn M. Hastie et al.
Summary: Antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines are crucial in combating COVID-19, especially with mutations and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. An international consortium identified multiple RBD-directed antibody communities, providing a framework for selecting treatment cocktails.
Article
Cell Biology
Federico Bertoglio et al.
Summary: Researchers have developed a human neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2, which shows promising efficacy in animal models and is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19. The antibody binds to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein to inhibit the virus, and is not affected by many known RBD mutations.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Xuemei He et al.
Summary: The text discusses the emergence of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting its rapid spread and impact on vaccine effectiveness. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the characteristics and effects of this variant for effective prevention and control measures against COVID-19.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Elena Percivalle et al.
Article
Microbiology
Fabrizio Bonelli et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Daniel E. Speiser et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Janin Korn et al.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2020)
