Cell-based immunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal primary glial brain tumor. It has an unfavorable prognosis and relatively ineffective treatment protocols, with the median survival of patients being similar to 15 months. Tumor resistance to treatment is associated with its cancer stem cells (CSCs). At present, there is no medication or technologies that have the ability to completely eradicate CSCs, and immunotherapy (IT) is only able to prolong the patient's life. The present review aimed to investigate systemic solutions for issues associated with immunosuppression, such as ineffective IT and the creation of optimal conditions for CSCs to fulfill their lethal potential. The present review also investigated the main methods involved in local immunosuppression treatment, and highlighted the associated disadvantages. In addition, novel treatment options and targets for the elimination and regulation of CSCs with adaptive and active IT are discussed. Antagonists of TGF-beta inhibitors, immune checkpoints and other targeted medication are also summarized. The role of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the mechanisms underlying systemic immune suppression development in cases of GBM is analyzed, and the potential reprogramming of HSCs during their interaction with cancer cells is discussed. Moreover, the present review emphasizes the importance of the aforementioned interactions in the development of immune tolerance and the inactivation of the immune system in neoplastic processes. The possibility of solving the problem of systemic immunosuppression during transplantation of donor HSCs is discussed.

Automated summary

This review focuses on finding systemic solutions for immunosuppression-related issues in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The study examines the ineffective immunotherapy protocols and explores the potential of creating optimal conditions to eliminate cancer stem cells (CSCs). The analysis of the interaction between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and cancer cells, as well as the use of immune checkpoints and targeted medication, provides valuable insights into improving patient outcomes.