Programmed cell death in atherosclerosis and vascular calcification

The concept of cell death has been expanded beyond apoptosis and necrosis to additional forms, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These cell death modalities play a critical role in all aspects of life, which are noteworthy for their diverse roles in diseases. Atherosclerosis (AS) and vascular calcification (VC) are major causes for the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. Despite considerable advances in understanding the signaling pathways associated with AS and VC, the exact molecular basis remains obscure. In the article, we review the molecular mechanisms that mediate cell death and its implications for AS and VC. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cell death in AS and VC may drive the development of promising therapeutic strategies.

Automated summary

The concept of cell death has expanded to include various forms such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis, in addition to apoptosis and necrosis. These different modes of cell death play critical roles in all aspects of life and have diverse implications in diseases. Atherosclerosis (AS) and vascular calcification (VC) are major causes of high morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease. Despite advancements in understanding the signaling pathways associated with AS and VC, the exact molecular basis remains unknown. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms underlying cell death and its implications for AS and VC, which may lead to the development of promising therapeutic strategies.