Different chromosome numbers but slight morphological differentiation and genetic admixture among populations of the Pulmonaria hirta complex (Boraginaceae)

Hybridization and introgression have a significant impact on the taxonomically controversial genus Pulmonaria. Within this genus, the P. hirta complex shows puzzling systematic relationships among P. hirta s.str. (2n = [22, 26] 28), P. apennina (2n = 22 [26]), and P. vallarsae (2n = 22), showing range overlaps and mixed phenotypes in southern Europe. We carried out morphometric analyses of basal leaves and flower features along with AFLP characterization of 236 plants belonging to 11 populations within the complex and 1 population of P. officinalis. We also implemented an already available phylogeny with sequences from our target populations and characterized their karyotype. For all the populations within the complex, we found molecular evidence of a hybrid origin involving species belonging to different clades (angustifolia and officinalis clades). However, there is a certain morphological differentiation between some populations (hirtoid morph) and others (vallarsoid morph), albeit single individuals or entire populations show intermediate features. According to our results, hybridization and/or backcrossing/introgression have occurred, and gene flow is currently taking place among these taxa. Following the hybridization event(s), we can elaborate three possible evolutionary scenarios: (1) one hybrid vallarsoid (2n = 22) species spread across the Italian peninsula, and from this originated the hirtoid morph (2n = 28) through dysploidy; (2) two geographically distinct hybridization events produced both vallarsoid and hirtoid morphs; (3) one hirtoid alloploid hybrid species originated and backcrossed with P. officinalis generating vallarsoid plants. Under scenarios 1 and 2, the different morphs met again in central Italy, with massive current gene flow. Under scenario 3, vallarsoid plants spread across the Italian peninsula, but further backcrossed with hirtoid plants in central Italy, leaving pure lineages of vallarsoid plants only in the extreme north and south of their range. This latter scenario is supported by populations with 2n = 22, 26 chromosomes, having karyotype asymmetry indices intermediate between those of 2n = 16 and 2n = 28 cytotypes. Irrespective of the evolutionary dynamics, today, a single lineage showing three cytotypes occurs throughout the Italian peninsula, supporting the circumscription of a single polymorphic species, namely P. hirta.

Automated summary

Hybridization and introgression have a significant impact on the taxonomically controversial genus Pulmonaria. The P. hirta complex shows complex systematic relationships and phenotypic differences in southern Europe, with molecular and morphological evidence of hybrid origin and gene flow between different clades. Despite some morphological differentiation, there are intermediate features between different morphs, indicating ongoing gene flow between these taxa.