Sub-Saharan Africa's international migration constrains its sustainable development under climate change

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is seen as a region of mass migration and population displacement caused by poverty, violent conflict, and environmental stress. However, empirical evidence is inconclusive regarding how SSA's international migration progressed and reacted during its march to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article attempts to study the patterns and determinants of SSA's international migration and the cause and effects on sustainable development by developing a Sustainability Index and regression models. We find that international migration was primarily intra-SSA to low-income but high-population-density countries. Along with increased sustainability scores, international migration declined, but emigration rose. Climate extremes tend to affect migration and emigration but not universally. Dry extremes propelled migration, whereas wet extremes had an adverse effect. Hot extremes had an increasing effect but were insignificant. SSA's international migration was driven by food insecurity, low life expectancy, political instability and violence, high economic growth, unemployment, and urbanisation rates. The probability of emigration was mainly driven by high fertility. SSA's international migration promoted asylum seeking to Europe with the diversification of origin countries and a motive for economic wellbeing. 1% more migration flow or 1% higher probability of emigration led to a 0.2% increase in asylum seekers from SSA to Europe. Large-scale international migration and recurrent emigration constrained SSA's sustainable development in political stability, food security, and health, requiring adequate governance and institutions for better migration management and planning towards the SDGs.

Automated summary

This article examines the patterns and determinants of international migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its impact on sustainable development. The study finds that international migration mainly occurs within SSA, with migration flows directed towards low-income countries with high population density. Climate extremes have varying effects on migration, with dry extremes promoting migration and wet extremes having a negative impact. Factors driving SSA's international migration include food insecurity, low life expectancy, political instability and violence, high economic growth, unemployment, and urbanization rates. Large-scale international migration and recurrent emigration hinder sustainable development in areas such as political stability, food security, and health, necessitating improved governance and institutions for effective migration management and planning towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).