Halogenated BODIPY photosensitizers: Photophysical processes for generation of excited triplet state, excited singlet state and singlet oxygen

We have systematically examined the formation of singlet oxygen O-2((1)delta(g)), the excited triplet state (T-1), and excited singlet state (S1) for halogenated BODIPY photosensitizers (halogen = Cl, Br, and I) in eight solvents to understand how halogen atoms and solvent affect these properties. The phosphorescence spectra and lifetimes of singlet oxygen generated by these halogenated BODIPYs have been measured by steady state/time resolved NIR emission, while the formation quantum yield of singlet oxygen (Phi(delta)) has been determined by chemical method using diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as the trapping agent. The formation quantum yield Phi(delta)& nbsp;of singlet oxygen can be as high as 0.96 for iodinated BODIPY and 0.71 for brominated BODIPY. The triplet state T-1 & nbsp;absorption spectra of brominated and iodinated BODIPYs have been recorded by laser flash photolysis method, in which T-1 & nbsp;shows high formation efficiency and long lifetime. The formation and decay of excited singlet state S-1 & nbsp;of four BODIPYs have been measured by ground state (S-0) absorption and steady state/time resolved fluorescence. The results show that larger halogen atoms on BODIPY core lead to smaller fluorescence quantum yield, shorter fluorescence lifetime and higher singlet oxygen formation quantum yield due to heavy atom effect that promotes the formation of triplet state. On the other hand, higher solvent polarity causes lower singlet oxygen formation quantum yield, smaller fluorescence quantum yield, and shorter fluorescence lifetime. This solvent effect is explained by the presence of photoinduced charge transfer (ICT) process from halogen atoms to BODIPY. The ICT efficiency has been estimated and the results are agreed with ICT theory. ICT process in halogenated BODIPYs has never been revealed in literature. HOMO/LUMO obtained from DFT calculation also supports the presence of ICT. The involvement of ICT in the photosensitizing process of halogenated BODIPYs provides new insights for designing BODIPY photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of tumor. (C)& nbsp;2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study systematically examines the formation of singlet oxygen, excited triplet state, and excited singlet state for halogenated BODIPY photosensitizers in different solvents, and reveals the influence of halogen atoms and solvent on these properties. The heavy atom effect in halogenated BODIPY promotes the formation of the triplet state, while solvent polarity affects the formation of singlet oxygen.