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Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Philip A. Mudd et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce potent immune responses, including antibodies and CD4(+) T cell responses. Research has found that vaccine-induced follicular helper CD4(+) T cell responses play a key role in establishing long-term immunity.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Markus Hoffmann et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is spreading rapidly and shows resistance to most therapeutic antibodies. It also evades neutralization by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination more efficiently than the Delta variant. This suggests that therapeutic antibodies may not be effective against the Omicron variant, and double vaccination with BNT162b2 may not provide adequate protection against severe disease caused by this variant.
Article
Immunology
Lu Lu et al.
Summary: Immune sera from BNT162b2 and Coronavac recipients showed reduced neutralizing antibody titers against the omicron variant. The presence of the spike R346K mutation did not affect the neutralization susceptibility.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Virology
Sabrina Lusvarghi et al.
Summary: Mutations in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants can compromise the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies. To predict antibody potency against emerging variants, researchers evaluated 25 clinical-stage therapeutic antibodies for neutralization activity against 60 pseudoviruses with single or multiple substitutions in spike domains. They found that most combination and polyclonal therapeutic antibodies remained potent, but key substitutions in variants with multiple spike substitutions predicted resistance.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Delphine Planas et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juan Manuel Carreno et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in South Africa and Botswana in November 2021, has rapidly spread globally with high transmissibility. It has an unprecedented number of mutations in its spike gene, leading to immune escape and reduced vaccine efficacy. The neutralizing and binding activity against Omicron varies among individuals with different vaccination and infection histories.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Elisabetta Cameroni et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns due to its 37 amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), leading to increased binding affinity with human ACE2. Neutralizing activity against Omicron was greatly reduced in convalescent and vaccinated individuals compared to the ancestral virus, but this decrease was less significant after a third vaccine dose. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved RBD epitopes may be crucial in combating the Omicron variant and future zoonotic transmissions.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sandile Cele et al.
Summary: The study found that the Omicron variant has reduced neutralizing effectiveness in individuals vaccinated with Pfizer BNT162b2, but those who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed better neutralization against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yunlong Cao et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lihong Liu et al.
Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Laura A. VanBlargan et al.
Summary: The emergence of the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant raises concerns about the efficacy of antibody countermeasures. This study shows that some of the antibodies currently in clinical use may lose their ability to neutralize the Omicron variant.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Henning Gruell et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is greatly reduced in individuals who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine or have recovered from the disease, but is significantly increased after a booster vaccine dose.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Annika Roessler et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Ital Nemet et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Fabian Schmidt et al.
Summary: Neutralization assays showed much lower omicron neutralization compared to Wuhan-hu-1 after two doses of mRNA vaccine, but individuals who received a booster vaccine or were vaccinated after recovering from Covid-19 exhibited high levels of omicron neutralization.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Rolando Pajon et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dhiraj Mannar et al.
Summary: The newly reported Omicron variant shows new salt bridges and hydrogen bonds formed by mutated residues in the receptor binding domain, compensating for reduced ACE2 binding affinity. It also exhibits increased antibody evasion, which likely contributes to its rapid spread.
Article
Cell Biology
Yueh-Ming Loo et al.
Summary: AZD7442, a combination of two monoclonal antibodies, has the potential to prevent and treat COVID-19 by neutralizing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It has shown encouraging results in preventing infection and accelerating virus clearance in animal models. The ongoing phase 1 study has also demonstrated its ability to provide long-lasting protection in healthy participants. This research is significant in providing additional options for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Mark G. Thompson et al.
MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Matthew McCallum et al.
Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evades antibody-mediated immunity and exhibits enhanced affinity for host cells due to accumulation of spike mutations and remodeling of interactions with the ACE2 receptor.
Article
Immunology
Eric D. Laing et al.
Summary: Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 decrease but remain detectable for 6 months postvaccination. The duration of neutralizing titers is shorter against Delta variant compared to the wild-type virus. Out of 227 vaccinated healthcare workers, only 2 experienced mild breakthrough infections, despite 59 individuals showing serologic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
C. Garrett Rappazzo et al.
Summary: The engineered antibody ADG-2 shows enhanced neutralization breadth and potency against a wide range of sarbecoviruses, providing complete protection in SARS and COVID-19 mouse models. Structural and biochemical studies reveal that ADG-2 targets a highly conserved epitope through a unique angle of approach.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yinon M. Bar-On et al.
Summary: The study shows that receiving a booster dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine can significantly lower the rates of confirmed Covid-19 and severe illness, as well as reduce mortality among individuals aged 60 and above.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sabari Nath Neerukonda et al.
Summary: Pseudoviruses are valuable surrogates for highly pathogenic viruses due to their safety, stability, and scalability, with diverse platforms offering varied advantages and limitations. This study optimized and characterized an HIV-based lentiviral pseudovirus assay for screening neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2, showing consistent neutralization titers across different input ranges and high correlation with other assays' results. Overall, the lentiviral assay is simple, scalable, and suitable for various SARS-CoV-2 entry and neutralization screening assays.
Article
Immunology
Stephanie A. Richard et al.
Summary: In the first month after COVID-19 infection, older age, being of Asian, Black, or Hispanic race/ethnicity, and obesity are associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization. Some acute cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection require long-term oxygen therapy, and the infection has a significant impact on short-term functional status. A considerable number of MHS beneficiaries had not returned to normal activities by 1 month post-infection.
OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Hematology
Peter Vandeberg et al.
Summary: This study utilized convalescent plasma to manufacture anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulin (hIVIG) with high purity and concentrated antibody activity, potentially serving as an effective treatment for COVID-19.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Belinda M. Jackson-Thompson et al.
Summary: This study aims to determine the frequency of asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in at-risk healthcare workers, as well as the impact of antibodies to seasonal human coronaviruses on the course of COVID-19 disease. It will also evaluate the effects of pre-existing immune responses to seasonal HCoVs on the magnitude and duration of antibody and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Correction
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Davide Corti et al.
Article
Immunology
Frauke Muecksch et al.
Summary: This study examined the development of antibodies following infection with the coronavirus, finding that evolved antibodies had increased affinity and neutralization potency, altered mutational pathways for viral resistance, and restricted neutralization escape options. These findings suggest that increasing antibody diversity through prolonged or repeated antigen exposure may improve protection against diversifying populations of the virus and other pandemic threat coronaviruses.
Article
Immunology
Ruoke Wang et al.
Summary: Research shows that the South African B.1.351 variant exhibits the highest resistance to current monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma from COVID-19-infected individuals, and the molecular basis for this resistance and potential antibody escape has been identified.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jackson S. Turner et al.
Summary: The study found that individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections showed rapid decline of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in the first 4 months after infection, followed by a more gradual decrease over the following 7 months but remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. This suggests that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 can induce robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
M. Dougan et al.
Summary: In this phase 3 trial, the combination of bamlanivimab plus etesevimab was found to reduce the incidence of Covid-19-related hospitalization and death among high-risk ambulatory patients compared to placebo, and also accelerated the decline in SARS-CoV-2 viral load.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sophie M-C Gobeil et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple spike mutations have increased transmission and resistance to antibodies. Research showed that these variants have enhanced receptor binding and a preference for receptor binding domain up states. Different variants exhibit different mechanisms for resistance to neutralizing antibodies, which helps explain their transmission and resistance.
Article
Virology
Sandro Halwe et al.
Summary: DZIF-10c is a highly potent fully human monoclonal neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2, with the ability to effectively neutralize the virus and eliminate infectious particles in the lungs when administered intranasally. Its favorable pharmacokinetic profile makes it a promising candidate for clinical trials investigating topical delivery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Davide F. Robbiani et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Seth J. Zost et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alina Baum et al.