Fate, bioaccumulation and toxicity of engineered nanomaterials in plants: Current challenges and future prospects

The main focus of this review is to discuss the current advancement in nano-metallic caused phytotoxicity on living organisms and current challenges in crops. Nanostructured materials provide new tools in agriculture to boost sustain-able food production, but the main concern is that large-scale production and release of nanomaterials (NMs) into the ecosystem is a rising threat to the surrounding environment that is an urgent challenge to be addressed. The usage of NMs directly influences the transport pathways within plants, which directly relates to their stimulatory/ inhibitory effects. Because of the unregulated nanoparticles (NMs) exposure to soil, they are adsorbed at the root surface, followed by uptake and inter/intracellular mobility within the plant tissue, while the aerial exposure is taken up by foliage, mostly through cuticles, hydathodes, stigma, stomata, and trichomes, but the actual mode of NMs absorption into plants is still unclear. NMs-plant interactions may have stimulatory or inhibitory effects throughout their life cycle depending on their composition, size, concentration, and plant species. Although many publications on NMs interac-tions with plants have been reported, the knowledge on their uptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation is stilla ques-tion to be addressed by the scientific community. One of the critical aspects that must be discovered and understood is detecting NMs in soil and the uptake mechanism in plants. Therefore, the nanopollution in plants has yet to be completely understood regarding its impact on plant health, making it yet another artificial environmental influence of unknown long-term consequences. The present review summarizes the uptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation of NMs in plants, focusing on their inhibitory effects and mechanisms involved within plants.

Automated summary

The main focus of this review is to discuss the phytotoxicity caused by nano-metallic materials on living organisms and the challenges in crops. The usage of nanomaterials in agriculture has the potential to increase sustainable food production, but the large-scale production and release of these materials pose a threat to the environment. The interactions between nanomaterials and plants can have stimulatory or inhibitory effects depending on their composition, size, concentration, and plant species. However, there is still a lack of understanding in terms of their uptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants.