期刊
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
卷 824, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153816
关键词
CrAssphage; Nepal; SARS-CoV-2; Wastewater-based epidemiology; Wastewater treatment plant
资金
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) through COVID-19 Technology Development
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) through J-RAPID program [JPMJJR2001]
- Accelerating Social Implementation for SDGs Achievement (aXis) [JPMJAS2005]
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP18KK0297, JP20H02284]
This study reports the presence and reduction of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater from wastewater treatment plants and sewer lines in Nepal. It found a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, indicating that biological treatments at the treatment plants are not enough to eliminate the virus. The study suggests that wastewater-based epidemiology is a useful tool for estimating COVID-19 cases in developing countries.
The applicability of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been extensively studied throughout the world with remarkable findings. This study reports the presence and reduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Nepal, along with river water, hospital wastewater (HWW), and wastewater from sewer lines collected between July 2020 and February 2021. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 50%, 54%, 100%, and 100% of water samples from WWTPs, river hospitals, and sewer lines, respectively, by at least one of four quantitative PCR assays tested (CDC-N1, CDC-N2, NIID_2019-nCOV_N, and N_Sarbeco). The CDC-N2 assay detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the highest number of raw influent samples of both WWTPs. The highest concentration was observed for an influent sample of WWTP A (5.5 +/- 1.0 log(10) genome copies/L) by the N_Sarbeco assay. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 47% (16/34) of the total treated effluents of WWTPs, indicating that biological treatments installed at the tested WWTPs are not enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 RNA. One influent sample was positive for N501Y mutation using the mutation-specific qPCR, highlighting a need for further typing of water samples to detect Variants of Concern. Furthermore, crAssphage-normalized SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in raw wastewater did not show any significant association with the number of new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the whole district where the WWTPs were located, suggesting a need for further studies focusing on suitability of viral as well as biochemical markers as a population normalizing factor. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA before, after, and during the peaking in number of COVID-19 cases suggests that WBE is a useful tool for COVID-19 case estimation in developing countries.
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