Mental health of US undergraduate and graduate students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences across sociodemographic groups

The purposes of this study were to assess differences between sociodemographic groups in student mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, to investigate whether the pandemic disproportionately affected certain groups, and to examine between-group differences in pandemic-related stressors. Data from Minnesota undergraduate and graduate students who completed an online survey in 2020 (N = 2,067) were compared to data collected from students in 2018 (N = 3,627). The survey assessed days of poor mental health, stress, stress management ability, days of adequate sleep, and pandemic-related stressors (2020 only). Multivariate analyses of variance assessed differences between study years (2020 vs. 2018), sociodemographic groups (gender, sexual orientation, race, disability, international student), and their interactions with study year in predicting mental health, and the sociodemographic groups in predicting pandemic stressors, among undergraduate and graduate students. Stress management ability decreased and sleep improved from 2018 to 2020. The sociodemographic variables most associated with poorer mental health were identifying as female, a sexual minority, or having a disability. Undergraduates reported poorer mental health than graduate students. Differences between sociodemographic groups were not larger during the pandemic, except among students with disabilities. All five sociodemographic variables were related to greater pandemic stressors in some domains.

Automated summary

This study assessed differences in student mental health among various sociodemographic groups before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding that female students, sexual minorities, and individuals with disabilities reported poorer mental health. Undergraduates had worse mental health than graduate students. Despite the pandemic, differences between sociodemographic groups did not increase significantly, except for students with disabilities. Additionally, all five sociodemographic variables were associated with greater pandemic stressors in some domains.