Incorporating tides and internal gravity waves within global ocean general circulation models: A review

Until recently, high-resolution global modeling of tides has been done separately from high-resolution global modeling of the atmospherically-forced oceanic general circulation. Here we review the emerging class of high -resolution global models that are simultaneously forced by both atmospheric fields and the astronomical tidal potential. Such models simulate barotropic (surface) tides, internal tides, near-inertial motions, the eddying general oceanic circulation, and a partially resolved internal gravity wave (IGW) continuum spectrum (Garrett -Munk spectrum) simultaneously. We review the technical aspects of such global models and their myriad ap-plications, for example, in satellite oceanography, operational oceanography, boundary forcing of regional models, tidal-cryosphere interactions, and assessment of future coastal flooding hazards in a changing climate with altered tides.

Automated summary

This article reviews an emerging class of high-resolution global models that consider the effects of both atmospheric fields and astronomical tidal potentials, and can simulate various oceanic phenomena. These models have numerous applications in satellite oceanography, operational oceanography, boundary forcing, tidal-cryosphere interactions, and assessment of the impact of tidal changes on future coastal flooding hazards.