Atmospheric pollution from rockets

We address the impact of rocket exhaust gases on atmospheric pollution through high-resolution computational fluid dynamics simulations. We have modeled the exhaust gases and developing plume at several altitudes along a typical trajectory of a standard present-day rocket, as a prototypical example of a two-stage rocket to transport people and payloads into Earth's orbit and beyond. The modeled rocket uses RP-1 as the propellant and liquid oxygen as the oxidizer to generate similar to 6806kN of thrust via a total of nine nozzles, matching as closely as possible based on available data-the specifications to the Thaicom 8 launch mission of the Falcon 9 rocket manufactured by SpaceX. We have used high-order discretization methods, 11th-order accurate, in conjunction with implicit large eddy simulations to model exhaust gas mixing, dispersion, and heat transfer into the atmosphere at altitudes up to 67 km. We show that pollution from rockets should not be underestimated as frequent future rocket launches could have a significant cumulative effect on climate. The production of thermal nitrogen oxides can remain considerable up to altitudes with an ambient atmospheric pressure below but of the same order of magnitude as the nozzles exit pressure. At the same time, the emitted mass of carbon dioxide in the mesosphere is equivalent to that contained in 26 km(3) of atmospheric air at the same altitude. Published under an exclusive license by A/P Publishing.

Automated summary

We investigated the impact of rocket exhaust gases on atmospheric pollution through computational fluid dynamics simulations, and found that the cumulative effect of frequent rocket launches on climate should not be underestimated.