Targeting the Adaptive Immune System in Depression: Focus on T Helper 17 Cells

isa vital need to understand mecha-nisms contributing to susceptibility to depression to improve treatments for the 11% of Americans who cur-rently suffer from this debilitating disease. The adaptive immune system, comprising T and B cells, has emerged as a potential contributor to depression, as demonstrated in the context of lymphopenic mice. Overall, patients with depression have reduced circulating T and regulatory B cells, immunosuppressed T cells, and alterations in the relative abundance of T cell subtypes. T helper (Th) cells have the capacity to differentiate to various lineages depending on the cytokine environment, antigen stimula-tion, and costimulation. Regulatory T cells are decreased, and the Th1/Th2 ratio and the Th17 cells are increased in patients with depression. Evidence for changes in each Th lineage has been reported to some extent in patients with depression. However, the evidence is strongest for the association of depression with changes in Th17 cells. Th17 cells produce the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) - 17A, and the discovery of Th17 cell involvement in depres-sion evolved from the well established link that IL-6, which is required for Th17 cell differentiation, contributes to the onset, and possibly maintenance, of depression. One intriguing action of Th17 cells is their participation in the gut-brain axis to mediate stress responses. Although the mechanisms of action of Th17 cells in depression remain unclear, neutralization of IL-17A by anti-IL-17A antibodies, blocking stress-induced production, or release of gut Th17 cells represent feasible therapeutic approaches and might provide a new avenue to improve depression symptoms. Significance Statement--Th17 cells appear as a promising therapeutic target for depression, for which efficacious therapeutic options are limited. The use of neutralizing antibodies targeting Th17 cells has provided encouraging results in depressed patients with comorbid autoimmune diseases.

Automated summary

Understanding the mechanisms contributing to susceptibility to depression is crucial for improving treatments for depressed patients. The adaptive immune system, specifically T and B cells, has emerged as a potential factor in depression. There are various abnormalities in the immune system of depressed patients, with the strongest evidence found for changes in Th17 cells. Th17 cells are associated with inflammatory responses, and targeting them with neutralizing antibodies shows promise as a therapeutic approach for depression.