Toward Coordinate-based Cognition Dictionaries: A BrainMap and Neurosynth Demo

Characterizing the functional involvement of specific brain regions has long been a central challenge in cognitive neuroscience. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have offered solutions for mapping functional neural networks. The complex nature of structure-function correspondence makes an elaborate task design difficult to fully capture higher-order cognitive function. Other research practices, such as brainbehavior association or between-group comparisons, are thus widely used to explore cognitive correlations with specific brain regions. However, interpreting the results derived from a specific brain region with their underlying cognitive functions has been too general in publications. Here, we use two examples, i.e., a brain-intelligence correlation study and a depression-control comparison meta-study, to demonstrate use of two neuroimaging online databases, BrainMap and Neurosynth. One key utility of the two databases is collecting results from massive cognitive task-based fMRI (tb-fMRI) studies, i.e., coordinates in standard brain space. Just like looking up a coordinate-based cognition dictionary, researchers can receive a plethora of related tb-fMRI activation information characterized by cognitive domains, specific cognitive functions, cognitive task paradigms, and related publications. Surprisingly, we found that only less than 1% of brain-behavior association or between-group comparison studies have utilized this dictionary approach. We encourage the community to further engage with the existing databases for specific and comprehensive interpretation of neuroimaging as well as guidance of future experimental tb-fMRI design.(c) 2022 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Characterizing the involvement of specific brain regions in cognitive function has always been a challenge in cognitive neuroscience. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have provided solutions for mapping functional neural networks. However, the complex nature of structure-function correspondence makes it difficult to fully capture higher-order cognitive functions in task design. Other research practices, such as brain-behavior association or between-group comparisons, are widely used to explore cognitive correlations with specific brain regions. However, the interpretation of results from specific brain regions in relation to their underlying cognitive functions has been too general in publications.