Landscape of helper and regulatory antitumour CD4+ T cells in melanoma

Within the tumour microenvironment, CD4(+) T cells can promote or suppress antitumour responses through the recognition of antigens presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules(1,2), but how cancers co-opt these physiologic processes to achieve immune evasion remains incompletely understood. Here we performed in-depth analysis of the phenotype and tumour specificity of CD4(+) T cells infiltrating human melanoma specimens, finding that exhausted cytotoxic CD4(+) T cells could be directly induced by melanoma cells through recognition of HLA class II-restricted neoantigens, and also HLA class I-restricted tumour-associated antigens. CD4(+) T regulatory (T-Reg) cells could be indirectly elicited through presentation of tumour antigens via antigen-presenting cells. Notably, numerous tumour-reactive CD4(+) T-Reg clones were stimulated directly by HLA class II-positive melanoma and demonstrated specificity for melanoma neoantigens. This phenomenon was observed in the presence of an extremely high tumour neoantigen load, which we confirmed to be associated with HLA class II positivity through the analysis of 116 melanoma specimens. Our data reveal the landscape of infiltrating CD4(+) T cells in melanoma and point to the presentation of HLA class II-restricted neoantigens and direct engagement of immunosuppressive CD4(+) T-Reg cells as a mechanism of immune evasion that is favoured in HLA class II-positive melanoma.

Automated summary

In this study, the phenotype and tumor specificity of CD4 (+) T cells infiltrating human melanoma specimens were analyzed in depth, revealing that melanoma cells can directly induce exhausted cytotoxic CD4 (+) T cells through recognition of HLA class II-restricted neoantigens and HLA class I-restricted tumor-associated antigens. CD4 (+) T regulatory (T-Reg) cells can be indirectly elicited through the presentation of tumor antigens via antigen-presenting cells. Interestingly, a large number of tumor-reactive CD4 (+) T-Reg clones were stimulated directly by HLA class II-positive melanoma and showed specificity for melanoma neoantigens. These findings suggest that the presentation of HLA class II-restricted neoantigens and direct engagement of immunosuppressive CD4 (+) T-Reg cells are favored mechanisms of immune evasion in HLA class II-positive melanoma.