Effects of dipolar interaction on vortex formation in spin-orbit coupled spin-1 rotating condensates

In this paper, we study the vortex formation of spin-orbit coupled (SOC) spin-1 dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates by numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We focus the effects of dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) on vortex structures and dynamics behavior. We find that the symmetry of density profiles in vortex lattice formation process and time evolution of the angular momentum is broken in the presence of DDI. This is due to the symmetry breaking of anisotropy DDI. Also, the total angular momentum decreases with increasing the relative dipole strength. However, it is shown that increasing SOC strength can improve the rotation efficiency. This result reflects the SOC dominates the DDI.

Automated summary

This paper investigates the vortex formation in spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates with spin-1 and dipolar interactions. By numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, the researchers observe that the symmetry of density profiles in vortex lattice formation and the time evolution of angular momentum are broken due to the anisotropy of dipole-dipole interaction. Furthermore, they find that increasing the relative dipole strength decreases the total angular momentum, while increasing the SOC strength improves the rotation efficiency, indicating the dominance of SOC over DDI.