4.5 Review

The Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2: Mechanisms, Aging, Sequelae, and Vaccines

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Summary: Viral infections can activate programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. The emerging concept of PANoptosis suggests extensive crosstalk between these PCD pathways. PANoptosis plays a significant role in regulating viral infection, but it can also have different effects on host defense and viral pathogenesis.

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Summary: The severe form of COVID-19 is characterized by an abnormal and exacerbated immune response, especially in patients with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The virus spike protein interacts strongly with TLR4, leading to a cytokine storm and multiple organ failure in some cases.

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Role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19

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Summary: The study suggests that ivermectin may act as a blocker of key proteins in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, showing similar antiviral efficacy and safety profile to currently used drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. It illuminates the potential of ivermectin as an effective treatment for COVID-19.

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