Robust automated radiation therapy treatment planning using scenario-specific dose prediction and robust dose mimicking

Purpose We present a framework for robust automated treatment planning using machine learning, comprising scenario-specific dose prediction and robust dose mimicking. Methods The scenario dose prediction pipeline is divided into the prediction of nominal dose from input image and the prediction of scenario dose from nominal dose, each using a deep learning model with U-net architecture. By using a specially developed dose-volume histogram-based loss function, the predicted scenario doses are ensured sufficient target coverage despite the possibility of the training data being non-robust. Deliverable plans may then be created by solving a robust dose mimicking problem with the predictions as scenario-specific reference doses. Results Numerical experiments are performed using a data set of 52 intensity-modulated proton therapy plans for prostate patients. We show that the predicted scenario doses resemble their respective ground truth well, in particular while having target coverage comparable to that of the nominal scenario. The deliverable plans produced by the subsequent robust dose mimicking were showed to be robust against the same scenario set considered for prediction. Conclusions We demonstrate the feasibility and merits of the proposed methodology for incorporating robustness into automated treatment planning algorithms.

Automated summary

We present a framework for robust automated treatment planning using machine learning, which includes scenario-specific dose prediction and robust dose mimicking. The experimental results show that the predicted scenario doses match the ground truth well and have sufficient target coverage, while the deliverable plans generated by robust dose mimicking are robust against the same scenario set considered for prediction. This study demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of incorporating robustness into automated treatment planning algorithms.