Efforts to advance underwater noise management in Canada: Introduction to the Marine Pollution Bulletin Special Issue

Article Environmental Sciences

Ship noise management and the ORCA class of ships

Layton Gilroy

Summary: To support Transport Canada's projects, experiments and numerical optimizations were conducted to reduce underwater noise, resulting in the selection of a low-noise design through model-scale testing.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Sharing the waters: Application of a marine spatial planning approach to conserve and restore the acoustic habitat of endangered beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in and around the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park

Nadia Menard et al.

Summary: Anthropogenic underwater noise has a negative impact on whale habitats and poses a threat to the recovery of endangered species. Various measures have been implemented in the St. Lawrence Estuary to address the cohabitation of whales and vessels, including the use of marine spatial planning to protect and restore key habitat areas and reduce noise pollution.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

International harmonization of procedures for measuring and analyzing of vessel underwater radiated noise

Michael A. Ainslie et al.

Summary: The habitat of the endangered southern resident killer whale overlaps with major international shipping lanes, which are a dominant source of underwater noise. To reduce environmental pressure on the whales, incentives for quieter ships are being offered. However, the lack of a widely accepted URN measurement procedure hinders the determination of relative quietness.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Behavioural responses of wild Pacific salmon and herring to boat noise

Inge van der Knaap et al.

Summary: This study quantifies the impact of anthropogenic noise on Pacific herring and juvenile salmon, showing that they exhibit antipredator responses when exposed to boat noise. Repeated elicitation of vigilance or anti-predatory responses may result in increased energy expenditure or decreased foraging.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Measuring speed of vessels operating around endangered southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Salish Sea critical habitat

Catherine F. Lo et al.

Summary: The study compared the theodolite and photogrammetry methods for estimating the number, distance, and speed of vessels in the critical habitat of the Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKWs). The results showed that theodolite data were relatively easy to collect and produced accurate and precise results, while photogrammetry-derived ranges and speeds were more variable and required longer analysis time.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Recommended metrics for quantifying underwater noise impacts on North Atlantic right whales

Emmaline Marotte et al.

Summary: Anthropogenic underwater noise poses a serious threat to the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale, and there is currently insufficient understanding of the specific noise sources impacting them in their Canadian habitat. This study provides recommended metrics to better characterize the types of noise of greatest concern for conservation efforts and sets the stage for more targeted research and effective management and protection of the species.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

A brief overview of current approaches for underwater sound analysis and reporting

Nienke C. F. van Geel et al.

Summary: Soundscapes have changed due to industrial revolution, biodiversity loss, and climate change, which impact marine species in complex ways. The study of underwater sound requires multi-disciplinary collaboration, but different disciplines use different terms and standards, making comparisons difficult. Common standards are necessary for meaningful comparisons and effective management.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Reducing vessel noise increases foraging in endangered killer whales

Rob Williams et al.

Summary: The study found limited impact of ship speed on foraging behavior of southern resident killer whales (SRKWs), but a strong correlation between received noise level from ships and the likelihood of SRKWs engaging in foraging activity. Reducing ship speed and noise amplitude can help decrease the disruption of SRKW foraging activity caused by ship noise.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Agent-based modelling reveals a disproportionate exposure of females and calves to a local increase in shipping and associated noise in an endangered beluga population

Clement Chion et al.

Summary: Vessel underwater noise poses a major threat to the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary Beluga population, with a potential threefold increase in shipping traffic exacerbating the situation. Individual behavioral assumptions significantly impact the estimation of VUN exposure, emphasizing the importance of understanding beluga behaviors and conducting comprehensive acoustic impact assessments.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Recalibrating the Department of National Defence approach to active sonar impact management

Maj Dugald J. M. Thomson et al.

Summary: The Department of National Defence faces conflicting priorities of training a combat-ready military and environmental stewardship in Canada. To minimize the impact of active sonar on marine mammals, DND must review policies and procedures, focus on avoidance, and develop technological solutions. By partnering with other government departments and researchers, DND aims to address the residual risks posed by sonar operations on marine mammals.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

An overview of North Atlantic right whale acoustic behavior, hearing capabilities, and responses to sound

Leanna P. Matthews et al.

Summary: Baseline understanding of communicative signals and perceptual abilities is crucial for understanding a species' life history, especially for at-risk species. Marine mammals communicate primarily through acoustic modalities, which are impacted by ambient noise levels in their underwater environment. Noise pollution poses a threat to acoustically communicating marine mammal species, highlighting the importance of monitoring and conservation efforts.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Underwater sound levels in the Canadian Arctic, 2014-2019

William D. Halliday et al.

Summary: Climate change has reduced summer sea ice in the Arctic, allowing for increased underwater noise. Sound pressure levels increase with wind speed, decrease with ice concentration and air temperature, and also increase with the number of ships per day.

MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (2021)

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Article Acoustics