Biodegradation and Prospect of Polysaccharide from Crustaceans

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Photosensitive Polymeric Janus Micromotor for Enzymatic Activity Protection and Enhanced Substrate Degradation

Pedro Mena-Giraldo et al.

Summary: Immobilizing enzymes in photosensitive Janus micromotors can protect their activity and accelerate substrate degradation through light-driven magnetic/catalytic motion, thus enhancing the efficiency of enzymatic processes.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biochemical characterization and cleavage pattern analysis of a novel chitosanase with cellulase activity

Haipeng Su et al.

Summary: In this study, a novel GH5 chitosanase OUC-Csngly with dual chitosanase and cellulase activities was cloned and characterized. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the C-2 group of sugar units influenced the binding of the enzyme to oligosaccharides, resulting in different cleavage patterns. Additionally, OUC-Csngly exhibited distinctive cleavage patterns towards two different types of oligosaccharides.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Isolation and Characterization of Chitosans from Different Fungi with Special Emphasis on Zygomycetous Dimorphic Fungus Benjaminiella poitrasii: Evaluation of Its Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Inhibition of Human Pathogenic Fungi

Shamala Mane et al.

Summary: This study extracted cell wall chitosan from fungi of different taxonomic classes and evaluated their properties and antifungal activity. The findings suggest that nanoformulation of fungal chitosan with low molecular weight and high degree of deacetylation has potential in antifungal applications and is biocompatible.

BIOMACROMOLECULES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Chitosan oligosaccharide regulates AMPK and STAT1 pathways synergistically to mediate PD-L1 expression for cancer chemoimmunotherapy

Jiashe Chen et al.

Summary: Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) effectively inhibits PD-L1 expression in tumors by activating AMPK and inhibiting STAT1, thus restricting tumor growth and enhancing tumor suppression through increased T cell infiltration.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Chitooligosaccharides production from shrimp chaff in chitosanase cell surface display system

Yanli Chen et al.

Summary: A novel high-yield method utilizing cell surface-display CHI-1 was developed to produce chitooligosaccharides from shrimp chaff through co-fermentation with Bacillus subtilis and Acetobacter sp. The engineered E. coli BL21-pET23b(+)-NICHI exhibited excellent stability and maintained high hydrolysis efficiency over time. This proposed method showed promising potential for producing COS using whole engineered cells.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2022)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods

Stefan Simic et al.

Summary: Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, is a powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Developments in molecular biology methods have led to the rapid development of process-stable enzymes through directed evolution. Enzymes are widely employed in the synthesis of small molecule APIs, enabling more efficient and sustainable routes.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Construction and performance of exendin-4-loaded chitosan-PLGA microspheres for enhancing implant osseointegration in type 2 diabetic rats

Shaojie Shi et al.

Summary: This study developed a sustained-release system of exendin-4 loaded microspheres for improving osseointegration in diabetes. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the pharmacologic effects of exendin-4 and its improved delivery through chitosan-PLGA microspheres. The results showed enhanced bone formation and integration around implants without affecting blood glucose levels.

DRUG DELIVERY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Exploring new marine bacterial species, Alcaligenes faecalis Alca F2018 valued for bioconversion of shrimp chitin to chitosan for concomitant biotechnological applications

Ohood A. Amer et al.

Summary: Exploitation of shellfish waste for bioconversion can maximize the utilization of chitin-containing seafood processing wastes, producing enzymes and bioactive materials.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Osteogenic and anti-inflammatory potential of oligochitosan nanoparticles in treating osteomyelitis

Shixiong Zhang et al.

Summary: This study prepares vancomycin-loaded oligochitosan nanoparticles with antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and bone regenerative properties for the treatment of osteomyelitis. In vitro experiments demonstrate the antibacterial and antibiofilm capabilities of Van-NPs and the promotion of osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs through its antioxidant ability. The combination with PLGA-PEG-PLGA gel achieves successful localized treatment of osteomyelitis.

BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A chitosan-mediated inhalable nanovaccine against SARS-CoV-2

Shao-Hua Zhuo et al.

Summary: This study presents an inhalable nanovaccine consisting of chitosan and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which induces a strong immune response and enhances local mucosal immunity in the lungs, potentially protecting against the virus.

NANO RESEARCH (2022)

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Review Plant Sciences

On the expansion of biological functions of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases

Theruvothu Madathil Vandhana et al.

Summary: Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are a class of enzymes that can oxidatively cleave glycosidic bonds in carbohydrate polymers, facilitating the depolymerisation of recalcitrant biomasses. In addition to their role in biomass conversion, LPMOs may also play significant roles in fungal and oomycete plant pathogenesis, as well as in mutualistic/commensalism symbiosis. They could also be important in microbial pathogenesis and (micro)organism development.

NEW PHYTOLOGIST (2022)

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Review Polymer Science

Glucan phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic synthesis of unnatural oligosaccharides and polysaccharides using nonnative substrates

Jun-ichi Kadokawa

Summary: This review focuses on the enzymatic synthesis of unnatural oligosaccharides and polysaccharides linked through strictly controlled alpha(1 -> 4)-glycosidic linkages by glucan phosphorylase (GP) catalysis. The method involves the precise control of monosaccharide units and glycosidic linkages to obtain materials with well-defined structures.

POLYMER JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Purification and characterization of chitinase produced by thermophilic fungi Thermomyces lanuginosus

Nisha Suryawanshi et al.

Summary: The research found that the chitinase enzyme showed the highest activity at pH 6.5, 50 degrees Celsius, and 60 minutes into the reaction. The enzyme also exhibited the highest activity and stability in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol (ME). The denatured purified chitinase showed a protein band of 18 kDa on SDS-PAGE.

PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Chitooligosaccharides alleviate hepatic fibrosis by regulating the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages

Peng Liu et al.

Summary: Targeting liver macrophage polarization with chitooligosaccharide (COS) showed hepatoprotective effects and inhibited hepatic fibrosis progression in mice. COS suppressed M1 and M2 macrophage polarization both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting potential therapeutic interventions for hepatic fibrosis.

FOOD & FUNCTION (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Investigation of Surface Properties and Free Volumes of Chitosan-Based Buccal Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Films Containing Ascorbic Acid

Katalin Kristo et al.

Summary: This study focused on preparing chitosan films containing ascorbic acid and optimizing their composition to investigate the important properties and structures for applicability. The results showed that ascorbic acid can function as a permeation enhancer in mucoadhesive films and its applicability was confirmed.

PHARMACEUTICS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Study on inhibitory activity and mechanism of chitosan oligosaccharides on Aspergillus Flavus and Aspergillus Fumigatus

Yuan Ke et al.

Summary: Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) exhibit antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus by affecting fungal cell structure and metabolism. Additionally, COS shows potential applications in the food industry.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

The inhibition effects and mechanisms of sulfated chitooligosaccharides on influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo

Shixin Wang et al.

Summary: Sulfated chitooligosaccharide demonstrates broad-spectrum anti-influenza A virus activity and low toxicity, with sulfation modification enhancing its antiviral effects.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Spider silk-inspired high-performance soybean meal-based adhesive reinforced by greenly produced chitosan-functionalized boron nitride nanosheets

Jiongjiong Li et al.

Summary: A high-performance soybean meal-based multifunctional adhesive was developed using chitosan-functionalized boron nitride nanosheets as a replacement for beta-sheet nanocrystals. The adhesive exhibited remarkable improvement in mechanical performance, flame retardancy, and shelf life, making it a promising material for various industrial applications.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Enzymatic modification of native chitin and chitin oligosaccharides by an alkaline chitin deacetylase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum MCDA02

Guang Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, chitin deacetylase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum MCDA02 (MeCDA) was purified and characterized. The enzyme can efficiently catalyze the deacetylation of chitin and hydrolytic cleavage of the acetamido bond in GlcNAc units. These findings suggest a value-added utilization of chitin based biological resources.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Plasma metabolomic profiles reveal regulatory effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on loperamide-induced constipation in mice

Xiaoyu Zhang et al.

Summary: Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) were found to reverse the abnormal changes in sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, tryptophan, bile acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids metabolism induced by loperamide in constipated mice. Additionally, COS treatment suppressed the abnormal expression of key genes related to these metabolic pathways in the colon samples. This study provides insight into the mechanisms by which COS ameliorates loperamide-induced constipation in mice.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Combinatorial pathway engineering of Bacillus subtilis for production of structurally defined and homogeneous chitooligosaccharides

Meixi Ling et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated the de novo production of structurally defined chitooligosaccharides using combinatorial pathway engineering in Bacillus subtilis. By manipulating exogenous COSs synthase candidates and engineering UDP-GlcNAc pathways, the biosynthesis of COSs was significantly promoted, resulting in the highest reported titer of CTOSs. This research provides a feasible approach for commercial production of structurally defined chitooligosaccharides.

METABOLIC ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Novel Chitosanase from Penicillium oxalicum M2 for Chitooligosaccharide Production: Purification, Identification and Characterization

Shining Cao et al.

Summary: This study discovered a novel chitosanase from Penicillium oxalicum M2 and characterized its catalytic activity, stability, and substrate specificity. The enzyme showed high catalytic activity and stability within a certain temperature and pH range. It displayed strict specificity towards chitosan and could be activated by certain substances.

MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Property and Function of a Novel Chitinase Containing Dual Catalytic Domains Capable of Converting Chitin Into N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine

Chengyong Wang et al.

Summary: A novel multifunctional chitinase (CmChi3) with strict substrate specificity for colloidal chitin was cloned, which has the potential for commercial GlcNAc production.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Acinetobacter indicus CCS-12: A New Bacterial Source for the Production and Biochemical Characterization of Thermostable Chitinase with Promising Antifungal Activity

Fatima Akram et al.

Summary: In this study, a highly active chitinolytic enzyme-producing bacterial strain Acinetobacter indicus CCS-12 was isolated and characterized. The enzyme showed stability at optimal pH and temperature, and exhibited antifungal activity against destructive phytopathogens.

WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

The microbial stress responses of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus induced by chitooligosaccharide

Lingyun Meng et al.

Summary: This study elaborated on the antibacterial mechanisms of chi-tooligosaccharide (COS) and investigated its impact on sublethal and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in bacteria.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Active gelatin/cress seed gum-based films reinforced with chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating pomegranate peel extract: Preparation and characterization

Maral Soltanzadeh et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) incorporating pomegranate peel extract on properties of composite gelatin/cress seed gum films. The addition of CSNPs improved the moisture barrier properties and mechanical properties of the films, as well as increased light transmittance. The films exhibited increased surface roughness and enhanced thermal stability, but had no significant antimicrobial properties.

FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A conserved loop structure of GH19 chitinases assists the enzyme function from behind the core-functional region

Daiki Kawamoto et al.

Summary: Loop-III in GH19 chitinases plays a crucial role in the stability and enzymatic activity of the enzyme by stabilizing the conformation of the beta-sheet region and the adjacent substrate-binding platform. However, Loop-III is not directly involved in the enzymatic activity itself.

GLYCOBIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Controlled Liposome Delivery from Chitosan-Based Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Regenerative Medicine

Franco Furlani et al.

Summary: This work presents the development of an injectable nanocomposite system for regenerative medicine, combining chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel and liposomes. The system allows controlled release, enhances cellular uptake, and can form a hydrogel at physiological temperature.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Pretreatment with chitosan oligosaccharides attenuate experimental severe acute pancreatitis via inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating intestinal homeostasis

Qi-xiang Mei et al.

Summary: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a severe acute abdominal disease, and recent evidence suggests that maintaining intestinal homeostasis is crucial for managing this condition. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) with antioxidant properties have shown promising therapeutic effects in treating inflammatory diseases. This study demonstrated that COS administration alleviated the severity of SAP by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and restoring intestinal homeostasis, indicating its potential as a prebiotic agent for SAP treatment.

ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA SINICA (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

Review: Advances in preparation of chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences and their bioactivity

Wentong Hao et al.

Summary: Chitooligosaccharides have diverse bioactivities, with different degrees of polymerization playing distinct roles. Studying chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences is an interesting and challenging field.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Chitooligosaccharides inhibit tumor progression and induce autophagy through the activation of the p53/mTOR pathway in osteosarcoma

Zhen Pan et al.

Summary: The study revealed that Chitooligosaccharide (COS) has anti-tumor activity against osteosarcoma cells by inducing apoptosis and autophagy through the p53/mTOR signaling pathway. COS also inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, as well as increases sensitivity to chemotherapy.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Rationally engineered chitin deacetylase from Arthrobacter sp. AW19M34-1 with improved catalytic activity toward crystalline chitin

Zhiwen Ding et al.

Summary: The study enhanced the deacetylation activity of chitin deacetylases from Arthrobacter through site-directed mutagenesis, leading to improved deacetylation efficiency on crystalline chitin. The mutant Mut-2-8 was found to have potential applications in the chitosan industry.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Engineering of a chitosanase fused to a carbohydrate-binding module for continuous production of desirable chitooligosaccharides

Jianli Zhou et al.

Summary: The research engineered a novel enzyme, recombinase Csn75-CBM, for the bioproduction of CHOS, which successfully achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 39.59 mg enzyme/g curdlan in a packed-bed reactor. Continuous production of CHOS with good stability and reusability was demonstrated by adjusting the enzyme-chitosan ratio or flow rate.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

New Class of Chitosanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for the Generation of Chitooligosaccharides

Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra et al.

Summary: Chitooligosaccharides (COS), derived from chitin or chitosan, have diverse applications. A chitosanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BamCsn) was characterized, with the crucial role of a tryptophan residue, W204, identified for its activity. BamCsn exhibited unique properties such as transglycosylation and the ability to cleave chitin oligosaccharides, showing potential for COS generation.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Cloning, expression, and characterization of a GH 19-type chitinase with antifungal activity from Lysobacter sp. MK9-1

Shigekazu Yano et al.

Summary: The chitin-assimilating bacterium Lysobacter sp. MK9-1, isolated from soil, produces the Chi19MK gene which encodes a chitinase enzyme. The purified Chi19MK enzyme shows significant chitinase activity and inhibits fungal growth.

JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCE AND BIOENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

How Does Chitosan Affect Methane Production in Anaerobic Digestion?

Xuran Liu et al.

Summary: The study found that chitosan in sewage sludge anaerobic digestion could inhibit methane production by restricting the transfer of organic substrates and reducing microbial activities. Chitosan also suppressed the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and increased mass transfer resistance, leading to a lower metabolic rate of anaerobes.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Crystal Structure and Structure-Based Discovery of Inhibitors of the Nematode Chitinase CeCht1

Qi Chen et al.

Summary: Chitinases in nematodes play crucial roles in various processes of their lifecycle, and a study on the crystal structure of a representative chitinase in Caenorhabditis elegans has provided insights for the development of inhibitors targeting this enzyme. The researchers successfully identified novel inhibitors through hierarchical virtual screening, which may pave the way for improving the inhibitory activities in future studies.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Production of Structurally Defined Chito-Oligosaccharides with a Single N-Acetylation at Their Reducing End Using a Newly Discovered Chitinase from Paenibacillus pabuli

Jing Li et al.

Summary: Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOSs) are bioactive compounds with potential medical applications, and their biological activities are largely dependent on their structural properties, especially the degree of polymerization (DP) and the position of acetyl groups. A newly discovered chitinase from Paenibacillus pabuli (PpChi) has been shown to produce structurally defined paCOSs with specific compositions, demonstrating stability and activity over a wide temperature range, making it a promising biocatalyst for industrial processes. When used in combination with a recently discovered fungal oxidase, PpChi significantly increases the release of oligosaccharides, contributing to the green production of valuable paCOSs with a well-defined structure.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Preparation of Active Chitooligosaccharides with a Novel Chitosanase AqCoA and Their Application in Fungal Disease Protection

Yanxin Wang et al.

Summary: A newly identified endo-chitosanase AqCoA showed promising antifungal activity by inhibiting appressorium formation of Magnaporthe oryzae and inhibiting the growth of both M. oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum. The resulting chitooligosaccharides also acted as immune elicitors in rice, demonstrating the potential of AqCoA and its products as effective tools for plant protection against pathogenic fungi.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Multi-functionality of a tryptophan residue conserved in substrate-binding groove of GH19 chitinases

Takuya Nagata et al.

Summary: The highly conserved tryptophan residue Trp103 in the GH19 chitinase was found to play a crucial role in enzymatic activity by forming a hydrogen bond with the -2 sugar. Mutations of Trp103 affected the sugar-binding abilities of nearby amino acids, impacting the overall catalytic potency of BcChi-A.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Cloning and Characterization of a New Chitosanase From a Deep-Sea Bacterium Serratia sp. QD07

Qiuling Zheng et al.

Summary: Chitosanase CsnS, cloned from a deep-sea bacterium and over-expressed in E. coli, is a cold-adapted enzyme with high activity at 60°C. It exhibits an endo-type cleavage pattern and can hydrolyze chitosan polymers to yield disaccharides and trisaccharides, making it a potential candidate for industrial production of COS.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Food Science & Technology

The protective role of Chitooligosaccharides against chronic ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice

Jie Guo et al.

Summary: Chitooligosaccharides (COS) show potential as a functional food in the management of chronic ulcerative colitis (UC), with benefits including suppression of inflammation, promotion of mucosal repair, and modulation of gut microbiota diversity. Inhibition of TLR4 signal and induction of colonic Reg3g expression may be involved in the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of COS in UC.

JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Chitosan oligosaccharides packaged into rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles facilitating cartilage injury repair and alleviating osteoarthritis

Shenglong Li et al.

Summary: The study revealed that extracellular vesicles-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates could reverse the damage induced by IL-1 beta in chondrocytes, facilitating cartilage injury repair through modulation of multiple signaling pathways.

JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Functional characterization of a novel copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase TgAA11 from Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742 in the oxidative degradation of chitin

Lei Ma et al.

Summary: This study characterized a novel AA11 family protein TgAA11 from Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742, showing that it plays a crucial role in binding copper ions and degrading chitin. The presence of TgAA11 significantly increased the degradation efficiency of α-chitin and β-chitin by a chitinolytic enzyme, suggesting the importance of predicted active site residues in the function of TgAA11.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Nutrition & Dietetics

Chitosan Oligosaccharide Ameliorates Metabolic Syndrome Induced by Overnutrition via Altering Intestinal Microbiota

Yihua Wang et al.

Summary: Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) showed significant effects on metabolic syndrome by inhibiting body weight and liver fat accumulation induced by high-fat diet, as well as restoring blood glucose and fasting insulin levels. The changes in murine intestinal microbiota indicated a potential role of COS in ameliorating metabolic syndrome through interactions with specific bacteria. Gene expression data revealed improvement in intestinal barrier functions and glucose transport, suggesting a potential trigger and consequence of variations in gut microbiota induced by COS.

FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biochemical characterization of a novel bifunctional chitosanase from Paenibacillus barengoltzii for chitooligosaccharide production

Zhenqiang Jiang et al.

Summary: A novel chitosanase gene, PbCsn8, was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis with the highest activity at 70 degrees Celsius and pH 5.5. It showed specificity towards chitosan and glucan, making it a potential candidate for industrial applications. High yield and remarkable hydrolysis properties suggest PbCsn8 could be valuable in industrial settings.

WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

Chitooligosaccharides and their structural-functional effect on hydrogels: A review

Nishat Tabassum et al.

Summary: The conversion of chitosan to low molecular weight chitooligosaccharides improves its performance in hydrogels and allows for specific functions in regenerative medicine. The critical properties of chitooligosaccharides, such as degree of polymerization and deacetylation, can be altered to support various applications in cell-related fields.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Effects of citronellol grafted chitosan oligosaccharide derivatives on regulating anti-inflammatory activity

Shuifang Mao et al.

Summary: The study successfully synthesized chitosan oligosaccharide graft citronellol derivatives and evaluated their anti-inflammatory effects, finding that they exhibited significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to the original chitosan oligosaccharide, with one of them showing the strongest anti-inflammatory ability. Furthermore, the research also revealed that the grafted chitosan oligosaccharide could exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating relevant signaling pathways.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Marine sulfated polysaccharides as potential antiviral drug candidates to treat Corona Virus disease (COVID-19)

Monic Andrew et al.

Summary: The viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to an increase in mortality rate and failures in traditional antiviral drug treatments, driving research into drug repurposing and polysaccharide therapy. Polysaccharides have demonstrated inhibitory effects against viruses, playing a crucial role in antiviral, antioxidant, and immune activation aspects.

CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Biophysics

Identification of a novel tailor-made chitinase from white shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis

Azadeh Beygmoradi et al.

Summary: The study synthesized a chitinase from F. merguiensis with stable enzyme activity and kinetic characteristics for industrial applications, demonstrating its potential as a suitable catalyst for bioconversion of chitin waste. This research supports the use of rFmCHI as an effective enzyme for biotechnological processes.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES (2021)

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Article Biophysics

Structure-based rational design of chitosanase CsnMY002 for high yields of chitobiose

Yubin Li et al.

Summary: This research successfully prepared pure chitosan oligosaccharides using chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis MY002, providing a foundation for its future biomedical applications.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Engineering a carbohydrate binding module to enhance chitinase catalytic efficiency on insoluble chitinous substrate

Haipeng Su et al.

Summary: This study successfully modified the ChBDs of chitinase SaChiA4 to improve enzymatic activity, leading to advancements in industrial-scale hydrolysis and utilization of insoluble chitin.

FOOD CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Marine Chitosanase from Streptomyces niveus Suitable for Preparation of Chitobiose

Tong Chen et al.

Summary: This study focused on characterizing the glycoside hydrolase Sn1-CSN from Streptomyces niveus, which showed high enzymatic activity towards chitosan with excellent stability under various pH and temperature conditions. Sn1-CSN demonstrated the potential to hydrolyze chitosan to produce chitobiose and partially acetylated COS with different degrees of polymerization, indicating its usefulness in preparing COS with controllable DP.

MARINE DRUGS (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

A Novel Chitosan Nanosponge as a Vehicle for Transepidermal Drug Delivery

Jin Sil Lee et al.

Summary: The development of a novel chitosan nanosponge has the potential to enhance drug penetration through human skin for efficient transepidermal drug delivery.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Polycistronic Expression System for Pichia pastoris Composed of Chitino- and Chitosanolytic Enzymes

Michal B. Kaczmarek et al.

Summary: Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers, but due to its difficult process of modification, it is often considered waste. Enzymatic treatment shows promise as an alternative method, but preparing multiple biocatalysts can be expensive. This study characterized chitin deacetylases of Mucor circinelloides IBT-83 and utilized them in the construction of a polycistronic expression system for chitin-processing enzymes.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Protective effect and mechanism of chitooligosaccharides on acetaminophen-induced liver injury

Junwei Xiang et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that chitooligosaccharides COST and COSM can significantly reduce liver injury caused by APAP, increase the activity of the antioxidant pathway, and ultimately ameliorate liver oxidative damage.

FOOD & FUNCTION (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Advances in the preparation and assessment of the biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides with different structural characteristics

Jingwen Zhou et al.

Summary: Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are widely used biopolymers with various biological activities, but their structure-activity relationship requires further investigation. They are known for their biocompatibility, mucosal adhesion, and non-toxic nature.

FOOD & FUNCTION (2021)

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Review Oncology

Association of autoimmunity and cancer: An emphasis on proteolytic enzymes

Shams Tabrez et al.

SEMINARS IN CANCER BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Plant Sciences

Identification and Nematicidal Characterization of Proteases Secreted by Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus cereus BCM2

Haijing Hu et al.

PHYTOPATHOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase active on insoluble chitin from Nitratireductor aquimarinus MCDA3-3

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The Pattern of Acetylation Defines the Priming Activity of Chitosan Tetramers

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Highly efficient production of chitooligosaccharides by enzymes mined directly from the marine metagenome

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CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2020)

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High level production of a Bacillus amlyoliquefaciens chitosanase in Pichia pastoris suitable for chitooligosaccharides preparation

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Heterologous expression and characterization of a novel chitin deacetylase, CDA3, from the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role of Chitin Deacetylase 1 in the Molting and Metamorphosis of the Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne

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Development of Novel Pesticides Targeting Insect Chitinases: A Minireview and Perspective

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JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Enzymatic Synthesis of Artificial Polysaccharides

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In-Silico Characterization of Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 1 β-Glucosidase from Trichoderma asperellum UPM1

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Expression and biochemical characterization of a novel chitinase ChiT-7 from the metagenome in the soil of a mangrove tidal flat in China

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Secretory production in Escherichia coli of a GH46 chitosanase from Chromobacterium violaceum, suitable to generate antifungal chitooligosaccharides

Mayara I. G. Azevedo et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2020)

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Improving the thermostability of a thermostable endoglucanase from Chaetomium thermophilum by engineering the conserved noncatalytic residue and N-glycosylation site

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Bioconversion of chitin waste using a cold-adapted chitinase to produce chitin oligosaccharides

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Chitinase-E from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis generates chitobiose from chitin flakes

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Cloning, isolation, and characterization of novel chitinase-producing bacterial strain UM01 (Myxococcus fulvus)

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Partial purification and characterization of chitinase produced by Bacillus licheniformis B307

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A novel thermophilic exochitinase ChiEn3 from Coprinopsis cinerea exhibits a hyperhydrolytic activity toward 85% deacetylated chitosan and a significant application to preparation of chitooligosaccharides from the chitosan

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CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel acido-halotolerant and thermostable endochitinase from Melghiribacillus thermohalophilus strain Nari2AT

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Characterization of the Specific Mode of Action of a Chitin Deacetylase and Separation of the Partially Acetylated Chitosan Oligosaccharides

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MARINE DRUGS (2019)

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The crystal structure of the chitinase ChiA74 of Bacillus thuringiensis has a multidomain assembly

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Chitinases Play a Key Role in Stipe Cell Wall Extension in the Mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Efficient Immobilization of Bacterial GH Family 46 Chitosanase by Carbohydrate-Binding Module Fusion for the Controllable Preparation of Chitooligosaccharides

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Assessment of the properties of chitin deacetylases showing different enzymatic action patterns

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Characterization and antifungal activity of chitosanase produced by Pedobacter sp. PR-M6

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MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS (2019)

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Cloning, expression and characterization of a novel chitosanase from Streptomyces albolongus ATCC 27414

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Preparation of a crude chitosanase from blue crab viscera as well as its application in the production of biologically active chito-oligosaccharides from shrimp shells chitosan

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2019)

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Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan

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ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE (2019)

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Structural Insight Into Chitin Degradation and Thermostability of a Novel Endochitinase From the Glycoside Hydrolase Family 18

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FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Characterization of a novel exo-chitosanase, an exo-chitobiohydrolase, from Gongronella butleri

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Purification and Characterization of A New Cold-Adapted and Thermo-Tolerant Chitosanase from Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. SY39

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MOLECULES (2019)

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Article Plant Sciences

Comparative characterization of putative chitin deacetylases from Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana highlights the potential for distinct chitin-based metabolic processes in diatoms

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NEW PHYTOLOGIST (2019)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Purification and characterization of exo-β-1,4-glucosaminidase produced by chitosan-degrading fungus, Penicillium sp. IB-37-2A

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WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear

Copper active site in polysaccharide monooxygenases

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Cloning, characterization and substrate degradation mode of a novel chitinase from Streptomyces albolongus ATCC 27414

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FOOD CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Expression and characterization of a novel cold-adapted chitosanase suitable for chitooligosaccharides controllable preparation

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FOOD CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Endochitinase 1 (Tv-ECH1) from Trichoderma virens has high subsite specificities for acetylated units when acting on chitosans

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Biochemical characterization of a novel thermostable chitinase from Hydrogenophilus hirschii strain KB-DZ44

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Applicability of endochitinase of Flavobacterium johnsoniae with transglycosylation activity in generating long-chain chitooligosaccharides

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Process optimization, purification and characterization of a novel acidic, thermostable chitinase from Humicola grisea

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2018)

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Purification, physicochemical and thermodynamic studies of antifungal chitinase with production of bioactive chitosan-oligosaccharide from newly isolated Aspergillus griseoaurantiacus KX010988

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Structural analysis of group II chitinase (ChtII) catalysis completes the puzzle of chitin hydrolysis in insects

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JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Phoresis and Enhanced Diffusion Compete in Enzyme Chemotaxis

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NANO LETTERS (2018)

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A chitinase with two catalytic domains is required for organization of the cuticular extracellular matrix of a beetle

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PLOS GENETICS (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications

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BIOSCIENCE REPORTS (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Review of the Preparation, Analysis and Biological Functions of Chitooligosaccharide

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Cloning, purification and characterization of a novel GH46 family chitosanase, Csn-CAP, from Staphylococcus capitis

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Processive chitinase is Brownian monorail operated by fast catalysis after peeling rail from crystalline chitin

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Reclamation of Marine Chitinous Materials for Chitosanase Production via Microbial Conversion by Paenibacillus macerans

Chien Thang Doan et al.

MARINE DRUGS (2018)

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Catalytic enzymes are active matter

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

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SSF production, purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Aspergillus flavus

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BIOCATALYSIS AND BIOTRANSFORMATION (2018)

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Systematic genetic dissection of chitin degradation and uptake in Vibrio cholerae

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ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Structure and function of a broadspecificity chitin deacetylase from Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A4

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2017)

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Chitin-deacetylase activity induces appressorium differentiation in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antimicrobial Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives: A Review of the Structure-Activity Relationship

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BIOMACROMOLECULES (2017)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Recent Progress in Chitosanase Production of Monomer-Free Chitooligosaccharides: Bioprocess Strategies and Future Applications

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Mechanism of chitosan recognition by CBM32 carbohydrate-binding modules from a Paenibacillus sp IK-5 chitosanase/glucanase

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A polysaccharide utilization locus from Flavobacterium johnsoniae enables conversion of recalcitrant chitin

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BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS (2016)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

Advances in preparation, analysis and biological activities of single chitooligosaccharides

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CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2016)

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Identification and characterization of a chitin deacetylase from a metagenomic library of deep-sea sediments of the Arctic Ocean

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

An Amphiprotic Novel Chitosanase from Bacillus mycoides and Its Application in the Production of Chitooligomers with Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The molecular basis of polysaccharide cleavage by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases

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NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (2016)

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Structural and biochemical insights into the degradation mechanism of chitosan by chitosanase OU01

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BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENERAL SUBJECTS (2015)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Chitosanases from Family 46 of Glycoside Hydrolases: From Proteins to Phenotypes

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MARINE DRUGS (2015)

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Article Plant Sciences

A class III chitinase without disulfide bonds from the fern, Pteris ryukyuensis: crystal structure and ligand-binding studies

Yoshihito Kitaoku et al.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

An Extracellular Chitinase from Streptomyces sp. CS147 Releases N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as Principal Product

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure-based analysis of domain function of chitin oligosaccharide deacetylase from Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Takako Hirano et al.

FEBS LETTERS (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Structural Basis of Chitin Oligosaccharide Deacetylation

Eduardo Andres et al.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2014)

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Structural insights into the substrate-binding mechanism for a novel chitosanase

Qiangian Lyu et al.

BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2014)

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Review Polymer Science

Chitin and chitosan in selected biomedical applications

A. Anitha et al.

PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE (2014)

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Activity of chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on chitinous substrates

Neith Pacheco et al.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2013)

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The First Identification of Carbohydrate Binding Modules Specific to Chitosan

Shoko Shinya et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2013)

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Review Microbiology

Bacterial chitin degradation-mechanisms and ecophysiological strategies

Sara Beier et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Penicillium oxalicum SAEM-51

Nidhi Pareek et al.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

How nature can exploit nonspecific catalytic and carbohydrate binding modules to create enzymatic specificity

Fiona Cuskin et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2012)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Precision Polysaccharide Synthesis Catalyzed by Enzymes

Jun-ichi Kadokawa

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2011)

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Letter Biochemical Research Methods

SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions

Thomas Nordahl Petersen et al.

NATURE METHODS (2011)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cloning of a Heat-Stable Chitin Deacetylase Gene from Aspergillus nidulans and its Functional Expression in Escherichia coli

Yun Wang et al.

APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2010)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Natural Product-Guided Discovery of a Fungal Chitinase Inhibitor

Christina L. Rush et al.

CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY (2010)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Biotechnological approaches to develop bacterial chitinases as a bioshield against fungal diseases of plants

Chilukoti Neeraja et al.

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY (2010)

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Kinetic and crystallographic analyses of the catalytic domain of chitinase from Pyrococcus furiosus - the role of conserved residues in the active site

Hiroaki Tsuji et al.

FEBS JOURNAL (2010)

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Article Geology

Chitin and collagen as universal and alternative templates in biomineralization

Hermann Ehrlich

INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEW (2010)

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Production and Characterization of Extracellular Chitin Deacetylase from Absidia corymbifera DY-9

Yong Zhao et al.

JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2010)

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Sequence and Structural Analysis of the Chitinase Insertion Domain Reveals Two Conserved Motifs Involved in Chitin-Binding

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PLOS ONE (2010)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Characterization and cloning of chitin deacetylases from Rhizopus circinans

Carole Gauthier et al.

PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION (2008)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitinase 1 and screening-based discovery of potent inhibitors

Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero et al.

CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY (2007)

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Article Materials Science, Textiles

Topical formulations of water-soluble chitin as a wound healing assistant - Evaluation on open wounds using a rabbit ear model

SS Han

FIBERS AND POLYMERS (2005)

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New route of deacetylation of α- and β-chitins by means of freeze-pump out-thaw cycles

G Lamarque et al.

BIOMACROMOLECULES (2005)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Specificity and affinity of natural product cyclopentapeptide inhibitors against A. fumigatus, human, and bacterial chitinases

FV Rao et al.

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In vitro synthesis of a crystalline (1 → 3,1 → 4)-β-D-glucan by a mutated (1 → 3,1 → 4)-β-D-glucanase from Bacillus

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Production of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from α-chitin by crude enzymes from Aeromonas hydrophila H-2330

H Sashiwa et al.

CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH (2002)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Recognition of chitooligosaccharides and their N-acetyl groups by putative subsites of chitin deacetylase from a deuteromycete, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

K Tokuyasu et al.

BIOCHEMISTRY (2000)

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Biodegradation and Prospect of Polysaccharide from Crustaceans

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