Measurement of microplastic settling velocities and implications for residence times in thermally stratified lakes

Microplastics residence times in lakes are currently poorly understood. In this work, settling experiments with pristine and biofilm-colonized microplastic particles were combined with model calculations to evaluate settling velocities, particle distributions, and residence times in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion of a hypothetical stratified lake broadly based on Upper Lake Constance. Settling velocities of various biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers of various shapes, sizes, and biofilm colonization were measured in a settling column. The settling velocities ranged between similar to 0.30 and similar to 50 mm s(-1). Particle sizes and polymer densities were identified as primary controls on settling rates. Microplastic particles that had been exposed to a lake environment for up to 30 weeks were colonized by a range of biofilms and associated extracellular polymeric substances; surprisingly, however, the settling velocity did not vary significantly between pristine and colonized microplastic particles. Simulated microplastic residence times in the model lake varied over a wide range of time scales (10(-1) to 10(5) d) and depended mainly on the size of the particles and depth of the lake layer. Long residence times on the order of 10(5) d (for 1-mu m microplastic particles) imply that for small microplastic particles there is a high probability that they will be taken up at some stage by lake organisms. As the lake retention time (similar to 4.5 years) is considerably shorter than the residence time of small microplastics, negligible quantities of these microplastic particles should be found in the lake sediment unless some other process increases their settling velocity.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the settling velocities, particle distributions, and residence times of microplastic particles in lakes using experiments and model calculations. The size of the particles and the depth of the lake layer were identified as the main factors influencing the residence times. It was found that the settling velocity of microplastic particles did not significantly vary between pristine and colonized particles. The results suggest that there is a high probability of small microplastic particles being taken up by lake organisms due to their long residence times.