Adsorption Behavior of TEMPO-Based Organic Friction Modifiers during Sliding between Iron Oxide Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Organic friction modifiers (OFMs) added to lubricating oils to reduce friction and wear are crucial for reducing energy loss and CO2 emissions. In our previous studies, we have developed N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxyl-4-piperidinyl)-dodecaneamide, referred to as C12TEMPO, as a new type of OFM and experimentally demonstrated its superior performance to conventional OFMs of stearic acid and glycerol monooleate. However, the behavior of C12TEMPO adsorbing onto solid surfaces from base oil during sliding, which largely dictates the lubrication performance, is yet to be elucidated. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for confined shear of a C12TEMPO solution in poly-alpha-olefin between hematite surfaces. Unlike conventional OFMs, which typically have one functional group or multiple functional groups of the same type, C12TEMPO features two functional groups of different types: one amide and one terminal free oxygen radical. The results showed that adsorbed boundary films with a double-layer structure form stably during sliding, owing to double- or single-site surface adsorption and interlayer hydrogen bonding via the two functional groups. Additionally, some molecules in each of the first and second layers also form intralayer hydrogen bonding. Such multitype adsorption is unique and favorable for enhancing the strength of boundary films to withstand heavily loaded and prolonged sliding. The velocity distribution indicates that the first and second layers are solid- and liquid-like, respectively. The second layer could act as a buffer for the first layer, which is the last barrier to prevent solid-solid contact, against shear. We also found that the second layer can act as a reservoir to rapidly repair the once depleted region in the first layer because of the interlayer hydrogen bonding. The combination of the high strength and self-repair ability of the C12TEMPO boundary films can rationally explain the experimentally observed properties of high load-carrying capacity, excellent antiwear effect, and high stability of friction over time.

Automated summary

The research reveals that C12TEMPO, a new type of organic friction modifier, can form stable boundary films with a double-layer structure during sliding. This is attributed to the presence of two functional groups of different types in C12TEMPO, which enhances the strength of the boundary films and provides high strength and self-repair ability.