Carbene Complexes of Neptunium

Since the advent of organotransuranium chemistry six decades ago, structurally verified complexes remain restricted to pi-bonded carbocycle and Sigma-bonded hydrocarbyl derivatives. Thus, transuraniumcarbon multiple or dative bonds are yet to be reported. Here, utilizing diphosphoniomethanide precursors we report the synthesis and characterization of transuranium-carbene derivatives, namely, diphosphonioalkylidene- and N-heterocyclic carbene-neptunium(III) complexes that exhibit polarized-covalent Sigma 2 pi 2multiple and dative Sigma 2 single transuraniumcarbon bond interactions, respectively. The reaction of [NpIIII3(THF)4] [(BIPMTMSH)NpIII(I)2(THF)] (3Np) in situ, and subsequent treatment with the N-heterocyclic carbene {C(NMeCMe)2} (IMe4) allows isolation of [(BIPMTMSH)NpIII(I)2(IMe4)] (4Np). Separate treatment of in situ prepared 3Np with benzyl potassium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) affords [(BIPMTMS)NpIII(I)(DME)] (5Np, BIPMTMS = {C(PPh2NSiMe3)2}2-). Analogously, addition of benzyl potassium and IMe4 to 4Np gives [(BIPMTMS)NpIII(I)(IMe4)2] (6Np). The synthesis of 3Np-6Np was facilitated by adopting a scaled-down prechoreographed approach using cerium synthetic surrogates. The thorium(III) and uranium(III) analogues of these neptunium(III) complexes are currently unavailable, meaning that the synthesis of 4Np-6Np provides an example of experimental grounding of 5f- vs 5f- and 5f- vs 4f-element bonding and reactivity comparisons being led by nonaqueous transuranium chemistry rather than thorium and uranium congeners. Computational analysis suggests that these NpIII=C bonds are more covalent than UIII=C, CeIII=C, and PmIII=C congeners but comparable to analogous UIV=C bonds in terms of bond orders and total metal contributions to the M=C bonds. A preliminary assessment of NpIII=C reactivity has introduced multiple bond metathesis to transuranium chemistry, extending the range of known metallo-Wittig reactions to encompass actinide oxidation states III-VI.

Automated summary

The synthesis and characterization of transuranium-carbene derivatives have been reported, exploring their bond interactions and reactivity. Computational analysis reveals the covalent nature of NpIII=C bonds and provides comparisons with other congeners.