Enhanced ferrate(VI)) oxidation of sulfamethoxazole in water by CaO2: The role of Fe(IV) and Fe(V)

Recently, the enhancing role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a self-decay product of ferrate (Fe(VI)), on Fe(VI) reactivity has received increasing attention. In this study, we found that calcium peroxide (CaO2) as a slow-releasing reagent of H2O2 could also enhance the Fe(VI) performance for removing sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Compared with sole Fe(VI), sole CaO2 and Fe(VI)-H2O2 systems, the Fe(VI)-CaO2 system showed higher reactivity to remove SMX. The radical scavenger and chemical probe test results indicated that the better oxidation performance of Fe(VI)-CaO2 system than Fe(VI) alone was ascribed to the generation of Fe(IV) and Fe(V) rather than (OH)-O-center dot. In addition, the performance of Fe(VI)-CaO2 system for degradation of contaminants was also superior to Fe(VI)-NaO2SO3, Fe(VI)-NaHSO3 and Fe(VI)-Na2S2O3 systems under the same experimental conditions. Moreover, the effects of critical operating parameters, inorganic anions, inorganic cations, and humic acid on the degradation of SMX by Fe(VI)-CaO2 system were revealed. The Fe(VI)-CaO2 system exhibited good applicability in authentic water. Finally, the underlying degradation intermediates of SMX by Fe(VI)-CaO2 system and their toxicity were confirmed. In conclusion, this study provides a new strategy for enhancing the oxidation capacity of Fe(VI) and comprehensively reveals the oxidation mechanism.

Automated summary

The study revealed that using CaO2 as a slow-releasing reagent of H2O2 can enhance the reactivity of Fe(VI) in removing SMX, showing better oxidation performance. The Fe(VI)-CaO2 system exhibited superior performance in degrading contaminants and applicability in authentic water.