Cell wall biology of the moss Physcomitrium patens

The moss Physcomitrium (previously Physcomitrella) patens is a non-vascular plant belonging to the bryophytes that has been used as a model species to study the evolution of plant cell wall structure and biosynthesis. Here, we present an updated review of the cell wall biology of P. patens. Immunocytochemical and structural studies have shown that the cell walls of P. patens mainly contain cellulose, hemicelluloses (xyloglucan, xylan, glucomannan, and arabinoglucan), pectin, and glycoproteins, and their abundance varies among different cell types and at different plant developmental stages. Genetic and biochemical analyses have revealed that a number of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are functionally conserved between P. patens and vascular plants, indicating that the common ancestor of mosses and vascular plants had already acquired most of the biosynthetic machinery to make various cell wall polymers. Although P. patens does not synthesize lignin, homologs of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway genes exist in P. patens and they play an essential role in the production of caffeate derivatives for cuticle formation. Further genetic and biochemical dissection of cell wall biosynthetic genes in P. patens promises to provide additional insights into the evolutionary history of plant cell wall structure and biosynthesis. This review focuses on current understanding of cell wall structure and biosynthesis in the moss Physcomitrium patens.

Automated summary

This review provides an updated overview of cell wall biology in the moss Physcomitrium patens. The cell walls of P. patens primarily consist of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, and glycoproteins, and their abundance differs among cell types and at different developmental stages. The conservation of cell wall biosynthesis genes between P. patens and vascular plants suggests that the common ancestor of mosses and vascular plants had already acquired the machinery for synthesizing various cell wall polymers. Furthermore, homologs of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway genes, although not involved in lignin synthesis, play a role in cuticle formation. Further genetic and biochemical studies in P. patens are expected to provide insights into the evolutionary history of plant cell wall structure and biosynthesis.